diff --git a/utils/en/001 b/utils/en/001 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69aaa72 --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/en/001 @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ +Biodiversity Conservation in China +The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China +October 2021 +Contents +Preface +I. Harmony Between Humanity and Nature +II. +Increasing the Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation +III. +Improving Biodiversity Governance +IV. +Further Global Cooperation on Biodiversity Conservation +Conclusion +Preface +Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species (plants, animals and microorganisms) in their natural environments and the aggregate of the related ecological processes. +It is measured on three levels: genes, species and ecosystems. +Biodiversity is the basis for human survival and development and has a direct bearing on our wellbeing. +Humans must respect nature and follow its ways. +We must conserve biodiversity to protect nature and live in harmony with it. +In 1972, at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the attending nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which included the conservation of bio-resources in its 26 principles. +In 1993, the Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect, which set three objectives – the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, ushering in a new era for the protection of global biodiversity. +China’s land and sea territories are both vast; its complex terrain and diverse climate gave birth to unique ecosystems, abundant species, and rich genetic variety. +As one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, China has a profound understanding of biodiversity, as manifest in traditional Chinese culture and these aphorisms: “Man is an integral part of nature”; “Dao follows the laws of nature”; and “All beings are equal”. +China, as one of the first countries to sign and approve the Convention on Biological Diversity, has always attached great importance to biodiversity conservation and preserves biodiversity with creative and up-to-date measures, achieving substantial progress on a distinctively Chinese path of conservation. +Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, China has been prioritizing eco-environmental progress and pursuing green development under the guidance of Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization. +A new pattern of biodiversity conservation has largely taken shape, with improvements to the legal system, supervision mechanisms and governing capacity for eco-conservation, marking the beginning of a new era for biodiversity conservation in China. +Currently, as species worldwide are becoming extinct at an alarming rate, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation pose a major risk to human survival and development. +On September 30, 2020, at the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity, Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out that the whole of humanity needs to take on its pressing responsibilities, find a way for human and nature to coexist in harmony, and build synergy for and enhance global governance on the environment. +Guided by the vision of building a global community of shared future, China will continue to contribute its part to global environmental governance. +The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to present China’s ideas, plans and actions on biodiversity conservation, and share its progress with the international community. +I. Harmony Between Humanity and Nature +To realize the Beautiful China initiative under a new situation, China is improving the measures for biodiversity conservation and creating new frameworks for this purpose. +In its pursuit of harmony between humanity and nature, between individuals, and between the individual and society, China endeavors to create a virtuous circle for all-round development and prolonged prosperity for all. +In addressing biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, China upholds the philosophy of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, prioritizing biodiversity conservation and seeking green development. +It has established conservation mechanisms led by the government and featuring multilateral governance and win-win cooperation, in which all citizens participate. +This way, China keeps making progress and contributing to efforts in global biodiversity conservation. +– Respecting nature and prioritizing biodiversity conservation. +China follows the principles of respecting and protecting nature and obeying nature’s laws, and prioritizes biodiversity conservation in social development. +Given its eco-environment and natural resources, China has balanced its natural and artificial measures for the conservation and restoration of important ecosystems, species and genetic resources, to ensure ecological security and biological security. +– Seeking green development and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. +China cherishes the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and sees biodiversity as the foundation, objective and means of sustainable development. +It has endeavored to promote the efficient and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, to allow nature to restore itself. +It promotes green ways of life and work, and seeks development opportunities while preserving nature, to achieve win-win results in both biodiversity conservation and high-quality development. +– Enhancing institutional guarantee and coordinating actions for biodiversity conservation. +China has strengthened biodiversity conservation as a national strategy through long-range planning and top-level design, specifying the primary responsibilities at all levels, and improving long-term conservation mechanisms led by the government and facilitated by enterprises with public participation. +The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has taken on a stronger coordinating role. +Constant efforts have been made to improve laws, regulations and policies concerning biodiversity conservation, sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits. +All the above efforts are aimed at building a new model for biodiversity conservation and governance. +– Upholding multilateralism and win-win cooperation. +Living in harmony with nature through greater efforts on biodiversity conservation becomes an important topic for international exchanges and dialogue. +China firmly supports a multilateral biodiversity governance system, fulfills its obligations prescribed in the Convention on Biological Diversity and other environmental treaties, and takes on international responsibilities commensurate to its development stage. +China has been providing assistance within its ability to other developing countries, and strengthening exchanges and cooperation on biodiversity to jointly meet global challenges. +It endeavors to play a greater role in realizing the vision of harmony between humanity and nature. +II. +Increasing the Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation +China advances biodiversity conservation and development in parallel. +It has proposed and implemented measures such as building the national parks system and setting ecological conservation red lines (ECRLs), strengthened in-situ and ex-situ conservation, reinforced biological security management, improved the eco-environment, and coordinated the conservation of biodiversity with green development, thereby making significant gains in protecting biodiversity. +1. Optimizing In-situ Conservation +China is setting up protected areas (PAs) and opening national parks on a trial basis, to create a PA framework with a focus on national parks. +It was the first in the world to propose and implement the red line strategy for ecological conservation, and has designated priority areas in biodiversity conservation. +These measures have contributed to the conservation of key natural ecosystems, biological resources, and habitats for key species. +Developing a PA system with a focus on national parks. +Since 1956 when the first nature reserve was set up, China has established close to 10,000 PAs of all types and at all levels, accounting for about 18 percent of its total land area. +In recent years, it has built a PA system with national parks as the mainstay, supported by nature reserves and supplemented by nature parks, laying the foundation for protecting natural habitats, improving the eco-environment, and protecting ecological security in the country. +Since 2015, it has launched on a trial basis 10 national parks, including one at Sanjiangyuan, the cradle of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers. +The relevant PAs have been integrated into these national parks under unified management, comprehensive protection and systematic restoration. +The well-planned PA system has brought 90 percent of terrestrial ecosystem types and 71 percent of key state-protected wildlife species under effective protection. +The habitats for wild animals have been expanding and their populations are growing. +The population of giant pandas in the wild has grown from 1,114 to 1,864 over the past four decades. +The crested ibis population has increased from only 7 to over 5,000, with both wild species and artificial breeds counted. +The Asian elephant population in the wild has grown from 180 in the 1980s to about 300 at present. +The wild population of Hainan Gibbon has increased from no more than 10 in two groups 40 years ago to 35 in 5 groups. +Setting and applying red lines for ecological conservation. +Setting ECRLs is an important institutional innovation in China’s land use planning and eco-environmental reform. +China employs this innovative model to bring essential ecological functional areas for biodiversity conservation and the most ecologically fragile regions under the ECRLs and apply stringent conservation measures to them. +The areas initially defined under the initiative are mainly distributed across China’s ecological security barriers and areas such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tianshan Mountains, Inner Mongolian Plateau, Greater and Lesser Xing’an Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Yellow River Basin, Yangtze River Basin, and coastal zones. +At present, they cover various important ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, deserts, wetlands, mangrove forests, coral reefs and sea grass beds across key regions of biodiversity all over the country, bringing most rare and endangered species and their habitats under protection. +China’s proposal – Drawing a “Red Line” for Ecological Protection to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change – has been selected by the UN as one of the 15 best Nature-based Solutions around the globe. +Drawing ECRLs and biodiversity protection are strategies for the same goals in the same areas. +Setting red lines will effectively improve the function of ecosystems and maintain the basic ecological space necessary for national ecological security and sustainable economic and social development. +Designating priority areas for biodiversity protection. +China is connecting the current PAs across different administrative regions. +Giving full consideration to key biogeographical components and different types of ecosystems, it has designated 35 priority areas for biodiversity protection. +Among these, 32 terrestrial priority areas cover a total of 2.76 million sq km and make up about 28.8 percent of the total land area. +They are valuable in effectively protecting key ecosystems, species and their habitats. +2. Improving Ex-situ Conservation +China continues to step up ex-situ conservation, and launches systematic campaigns to save endangered species. +More biological genetic resources are collected and better preserved, and the ex-situ conservation system is improving as an effective complement to in-situ conservation, helping to protect and restore many species of endangered wildlife. +Gradually improving the ex-situ conservation system. +China has set up a relatively complete ex-situ conservation system including botanical gardens, wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers, germplasm resource centers, and gene banks. +To date, China has built a total of about 200 botanical gardens and arboretums exhibiting 23,000 species of plants, and 250 wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers where over 60 types of rare and endangered wild animal are successfully bred. +Accelerating the collection, preservation and use of key genetic resources. +China attaches great importance to protecting biological resources, and has made considerable progress in the research on biological resources and their collection and preservation in recent years. +To steadily increase protection and use of wildlife resources, China has rolled out special plans for strategic biological resources, which have helped to improve bio-resource collection and preservation platforms, and create platforms for germplasm resource innovation and natural compound transformation as well as libraries for derivatives of genetic resources. +It has launched a batch of projects for germplasm resource protection and breeding. +By the end of 2020, China had put in place a national crop genetics protection system with the national long-term germplasm banks and their duplicates as the core, supported by 10 medium-term banks and 43 germplasm fields. +It had built 199 state-level livestock and poultry germplasm resource preservation fields (areas, storehouses), preparing state-level sites for the conservation of germplasms of over 90 percent of breeds under the National Catalogue of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources. +There are over 520,000 copies of crop germplasm resources and 960,000 copies of livestock and poultry genetic resources in long-term storage. +China has established 99 state-level germplasm resource banks for trees, and two state-level germplasm resource sub-centers for trees and grass in Xinjiang and Shandong, preserving 47,000 copies of germplasm resources for trees. +It has also built 31 germplasm preservation fields and two germplasm resource centers for medicinal plants, preserving over 12,000 copies of seeds and seedlings. +Launching well-planned campaigns to save endangered species. +China has launched campaigns to rescue rare and endangered wildlife, expand their population through artificial breeding, and reintroduce them to natural habitats in a phased manner. +The captive population of breeding pandas has grown in numbers and quality. +They have been downgraded from “endangered” to “vulnerable” on the list of species at risk of extinction, and some have been released into natural habitats to integrate into the wild population. +Elks, once nowhere to be found in the wild, have grown to 8,000 in number thanks to the three conservation bases in Nanhaizi of Beijing, Dafeng of Jiangsu, and Shishou of Hubei. +Emergency measures have also been taken to save and protect 120 plant species with extremely small populations such as the Cycas debaoensis, Manglietiastrum sinicum and Abies beshanzuensis, and to restore to their natural habitats 112 species of rare and endangered wild plants native to China. +3. Improving Biosecurity Governance +China attaches great importance to biosecurity, and has included it in the national security system. +The Biosecurity Law was promulgated and came into force in 2021. +There is systematic planning for biosecurity risk control and governance. +Efforts have been made to improve the mechanism for preventing the invasion of alien species, promote the sound development of biotechnologies, and strengthen the protection, supervision and regulation of biogenetic resources. +The aim is to constantly improve national biosecurity governance. +Preventing the invasion of alien species. +China has made greater efforts to guard against and respond to the invasion of alien species. +It has improved the collective response to invasive alien species by putting in place inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms. +China issued the List of Invasive Alien Species in China in four groups in 2003, 2010, 2014 and 2016 respectively, and the List of Key Invasive Alien Species under State Supervision in 2012, covering a total of 83 invasive species detected in the country. +China has brought invasive alien species under survey, monitoring, early warning, control and extermination. +Stronger port quarantine measures have helped to prevent the entry of invasive alien species and reduce the risk of wildlife epidemics. +Improving safety administration of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). +China has tightened the regulation of biotechnologies and bio-products, and promoted the sound and orderly development of biotechnologies. +A succession of laws and regulations have been promulgated, including Regulations on the Safety Administration of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (2001), Measures for the Safety Assessment and Administration of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (2002), Measures for the Safety Administration of Biotechnology Research and Development (2017), and Measures for the Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of Inbound and Outbound Genetically Modified Products (2004). +Safety testing and assessment of GMOs has been conducted to prevent any potential negative impact on biodiversity conservation and on the sustainable utilization of bio-resources resulting from the release of GMOs into the environment. +With the issuance of over 200 technical norms on the safety testing, assessment, supervision and regulation of GMOs, a national system of GMO safety administration is being completed in steps. +Strengthening the supervision of biogenetic resources. +China has tightened management and oversight on the conservation, acquisition, utilization and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources. +China has conducted surveys on essential biogenetic resources and conservation performance evaluations, to identify the scale, distribution, conservation and utilization of these resources. +• China organized the fourth national survey on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) resources in 2018, and pinpointed the genetic affiliation and distribution of over 13,000 varieties, including 3,150 varieties unique to China. +• China is conducting the third national survey on and collection of crop germplasm resources (2021-2023), with a total of 92,000 samples having been collected, more than 90 percent of which are newly identified varieties. +• China is conducting the third national survey on livestock and poultry genetic resources (2021-2023), and has completed the preliminary identification of 8 new species. +• China launched the first national survey on forest and grass germplasm resources in 2019, and has completed a pilot survey in the nature reserves along the Qinling Mountains. +In the past decade, China has identified about 200 new varieties of plants per annum, accounting for 10 percent of the global figure. +China is accelerating legislation on accessing and sharing the benefits of biogenetic resources, strengthening their conservation, supervision and regulation, and preventing their loss or chaotic utilization. +4. Improving the Eco-environment +Improving and stabilizing ecosystems plays a fundamental and strategic role in ensuring national ecological security. +China has therefore intensified efforts in eco-environmental conservation and restoration, and launched a series of projects for the integrated conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, deserts, glaciers and snow mountains. +As a result, ecological deterioration has been contained, and ecosystems are generally stable, with a greater capacity to serve development. +China has been fighting a tough battle against pollution; currently, the pressure on biodiversity conservation is greatly eased, the eco-environment keeps improving, and a framework of shields for ecological security has been largely completed. +Implementing eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects. +To restore degraded ecosystems, and improve and stabilize them, China has carried out multiple conservation and restoration projects, which have succeeded in improving and restoring wildlife habitats in key regions. +• China has implemented key ecosystem-related projects including conservation and restoration of natural forests, sandstorm source control in Beijing and Tianjin, stony desertification control, the Three-North (i.e., Northeast China, North China and Northwest China) Shelterbelt Forest Program and other key forest programs, programs turning marginal farmland into forests and grasslands, programs returning grazing lands to grasslands, conservation and restoration of lakes, rivers and inland wetlands, and conservation and restoration of mangrove forests and coastal wetlands. +• China has launched 25 pilot projects and 10 integrated projects for the conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and deserts. +• China has enacted the Master Plan on Major Projects for the Conservation and Restoration of National Key Ecosystems (2021-2035), specifying an overall conservation configuration for the new era composed of Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts – Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Eco-zone, Yellow River Eco-zone, Yangtze River Eco-zone, Northeast Shelterbelt, North Shelterbelt, South Shelterbelt, and Coastal Shelterbelt. +Through the above actions, China has achieved the following: +• China’s forest coverage and forest reserve have both maintained growth for the last 30 years, and China has realized the largest growth in forest resources among all countries in the world. +• China’s desertification coverage and sandy desertification coverage have both decreased in three successive monitoring periods. +Its steppe vegetation coverage rate has reached 56.1 percent and the steppe ecosystems have continued to improve. +• Between 2016 and 2020, China restored 1,200 km of coastline and 23,000 ha of coastal wetlands. +• Between 2000 and 2017, China contributed about 25 percent of global vegetation growth, the biggest share among all countries. +Tightening pollution control. +Good environmental quality is both the foundation and goal of biodiversity conservation. +China has announced a battle against pollution to improve air, water and soil quality. +Through an increasing effort to combat pollution, China has achieved the following: +• In 2020, China’s average concentration of ambient particulate matters (PM2.5) was 33 µg/m3, down by 28.3 percent from 2015, and the percentage of days with good air quality rose by 5.8 percentage points from 2015. +• In 2020, the combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water reaching Grades I, II and III was 83.4 percent, up by 17.4 percentage points from 2015; and that of water sections with bad quality surface water below Grade V was 0.6 percent, down by 9.1 percentage points from 2015. +• In 2020, the combined proportion of good quality offshore waters reaching Grades I and II was 77.4 percent in terms of area, up by 9 percentage points from 2015. +• In 2020, the safe utilization rate of contaminated arable land and that of contaminated land both exceeded 90 percent. +A better eco-environment has provided better wildlife habitats, which has helped restore the functions of varied ecosystems and greatly eased the pressure from biodiversity loss. +5. Promoting Green Development with Coordinated Efforts +China endeavors to advance social and economic development within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. +Measures have been taken to transform the economic growth model, encourage green and low-carbon ways of life, and coordinate efforts in biodiversity conservation and high-quality development. +Accelerating the green transformation of all sectors and industries. +Upholding the new development philosophy, China pursues green development with the priority given to eco-environmental conservation. +Efforts have been made to promote the green transformation of all sectors and industries in social and economic development, to balance economic development with eco-environmental protection, and to reduce the pressure on biodiversity. +China is moving faster in building an economic structure that facilitates green, low-carbon and circular development, aiming to improve industrial structure, raise the efficiency of resource utilization, promote cleaner production, increase the proportion of green industries, and accelerate the green transformation and upgrading of primary, secondary and tertiary industries and their infrastructure. +China encourages eco-friendly planting and breeding industries and sustainable operations. +It has formulated guidelines on sustainable production for better conservation of bio-resources. +It has improved the certification of green products such as green food, organic farm produce, forest products with ecolabels, and sustainable aquaculture products. +China is leveraging innovative technology in protecting biodiversity, and sustainably utilizing bio-resources in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry. +China has put in place systems for the utilization and administration of key wildlife resources, such as hunting licenses, collecting permits, and domesticating and breeding certificates, and encourages conservation and sustainable utilization of premier bio-resources. +Promoting green urban and rural development. +China is coordinating its efforts in biodiversity conservation and rural revitalization, with the former as a precondition. +It has endeavored to explore competitive resources, develop eco-friendly industries, promote green and high-quality development in both urban and rural areas, and build a beautiful homeland featuring harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature. +China takes into full account eco-environmental factors in the process of rural revitalization. +With an aim to promote rural progress and improve farmers’ living standards, it has redoubled efforts in preserving bio-resources, as a means of facilitating sustainable development. +China is building national demonstration zones for eco-environmental progress, national model cities for environmental protection, national eco-park cities, and national park cities. +The aim is to strengthen biodiversity conservation in urban areas, optimize the urban ecological spatial configuration, improve urban ecosystems, and enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security from the eco-environment. +China has been encouraging green and low-carbon ways of life, such as green consumption, green travel and green housing, to reduce the consumption of natural resources. +Realizing the market value of green products. +Practicing the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, China has worked to realize and increase the market value of green products, and seek new growth engines for high-quality development. +China has established a sound mechanism for realizing the market value of green products, and is working on a policy framework for turning “lucid waters and lush mountains” into “invaluable assets”. +China has piloted mechanisms for the marketing of green products in the Yangtze River Basin and Sanjiangyuan National Park, and established bases for turning natural resources into economic gains. +Efforts have been made to devise marketing strategies for green products, which are overseen by the government, adapted to commercialized operation, and support sustainable development, and in which enterprises and all sectors of society participate. +The aim is to turn eco-environmental strengths into growth drivers for quality development and motivate the public to preserve biodiversity. +III. +Improving Biodiversity Governance +Biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China, and incorporated into mid- and long-term plans of all regions and fields. +There has been a drive to improve the legal and policy framework, strengthen technical support and the training of high-caliber personnel, expand oversight on law enforcement, and encourage public participation in conserving biodiversity, thus improving biodiversity governance. +1. Improving Relevant Policies, Laws and Regulations +China is making constant efforts to establish and improve policies, laws and regulations on biodiversity conservation, and has drafted mid- and long-term programs and action plans to provide institutional guarantees for biodiversity conservation and management. +Strengthening organization and leadership. +The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has been established to coordinate conservation actions. +It is composed of 23 departments under the State Council, and headed by a Vice Premier who is in charge of environmental protection. +To strengthen the quality and stability of our ecosystems, the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 make provisions for implementing major biodiversity conservation projects and building a biodiversity conservation network. +The China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) has been issued and implemented, offering substantial guidance in 10 priority areas, including the policy and legal framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and 30 actions, including inter-departmental coordination mechanisms. +Beijing, Jiangsu, Yunnan and 19 other provincial-level administrative units have formed local strategies and action plans accordingly. +China has put in place a system for evaluating performance in advancing ecological progress, based on which indicators of biodiversity conservation have been included in performance evaluation for local governments, urging them to fulfill their responsibilities for biodiversity conservation. +Strengthening the legal system for biodiversity conservation. +Over the past decade, China has promulgated and revised more than 20 laws and regulations pertinent to biodiversity conservation, including laws on forestry, grassland, fishery, seed, biosecurity as well as laws on the protection of wild animals, the environment, marine environment, and the Yangtze River, covering the protection of wildlife and important ecosystems, biosecurity, access to and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources, thus providing solid legal safeguards for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. +China has also revised the list of key wild animals and plants under state protection, laying a foundation for rescuing rare and endangered wildlife and maintaining biodiversity. +In 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress adopted at its 16th session the Decision to Comprehensively Prohibit the Illegal Trade of Wild Animals, Eliminate the Bad Habits of Wild Animal Consumption, and Protect the Health and Safety of the People. +Different provinces and equivalent administrative units have issued relevant regulations based on local conditions. +Yunnan Province, for example, formulated its own biodiversity conservation regulation, the first local one in the country. +2. Extending Guarantees +China has organized nationwide biodiversity surveys, and put in place sound biodiversity monitoring and observation networks. +It has increased financial input and effort in technology research and development to improve the capacity for biodiversity conservation and governance. +Conducting nationwide biodiversity surveys and assessment. +To improve its biodiversity survey and assessment capacity, China has carried out major biodiversity conservation projects, in addition to surveys of natural resources and the monitoring and assessment of ecosystems. +It has included biodiversity indicators in the system of comprehensive assessment indexes for ecological quality for the first time to guide local governments in protecting the eco-environment and biodiversity. +A system for surveying, assessing and monitoring natural resources has been developed, and surveys on forests, grasslands, waters, wetlands, deserts, oceans and other natural resources have been carried out. +China has built a species distribution database, covering 2,376 county-level administrative units and totaling over 34,000 km in line transect. +An information platform has been set up to survey and collect various species, accurately mapping the spatial distribution of wildlife. +China has completed biodiversity surveys and assessment in more than 180 county-level administrative units in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and some other national strategic areas. +Offshore resources studies have been carried out to build an initial profile of fishery resources. +China has released the China Red Data Book of Plants, China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals, China Species Red List, and China’s Red List of Biodiversity to establish the overall situation of biodiversity and lay a scientific basis for better biodiversity conservation. +Improving monitoring and observation networks. +China has put in place monitoring and observation networks for various ecosystems and species. +These networks have played an important role in supporting biodiversity research, demonstrating and promoting relevant technology, and protecting species and their habitats, thereby providing diverse information services and decision-making support for scientific research and education, popularizing science and exploiting resources. +Among them, the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and the Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (CTERN) cover all ecosystems and elements; the China Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network (Sino BON) covers a variety of biological groups such as animals, plants and microorganisms; the China Biodiversity Observation Network (China BON) has designated plots for the observation of indicator species all over the country. +Increasing financial support. +China has expanded funding for biodiversity conservation in recent years. +More than RMB260 billion was earmarked in biodiversity-related causes in each of 2017 and 2018, six times the figure of 2008. +Meanwhile, China has used fiscal and tax incentives to mobilize private capital to invest in biodiversity conservation. +In 2020, a national green development fund was set up, raising RMB88.5 billion as a start. +Strengthening technical and talent support. +China has set up special projects on biodiversity research, developed database and information platforms, and improved technologies and standards for survey, observation and assessment to provide strong technical support for biodiversity conservation. +Through some basic scientific research projects on biodiversity conservation, restoration and protection of typical vulnerable ecosystems, conservation of species, and protection of rare and endangered wildlife, China has stepped up technology research and development in the restoration and protection of endangered wildlife, conservation of germplasm and genetic resources, and sustainable and profitable use of biological resources. +This way, it has gradually built a technical system for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. +China has taken full advantage of the strengths of universities and research institutes, and integrated science and education to reinforce the training of professionals on biodiversity. +3. Strengthening Law Enforcement and Supervision +China has conducted central environmental protection inspections to solve outstanding problems, improve eco-environmental quality, and promote high-quality economic and social development. +It has organized special actions against illegal wildlife trade, and increased its effort to combat illegal and criminal activities concerning biodiversity. +It has taken tough steps to stop and punish all activities that do damage to ecosystems, species and biological resources. +Strengthening central inspection on eco-environmental protection. +The system of central inspection on eco-environmental protection was established in 2015. +Since then, it has been developed to cover 31 provincial-level administrative units, relevant departments under the State Council and some state-owned enterprises directly under the central government. +To solve prominent environmental problems, China has carried out inspections focusing on major issues such as biodiversity conservation, climate change, the 10-year ban on fishing in the Yangtze River, and marine environmental protection. +The system serves to push governments at all levels and relevant departments to take responsibility for protecting the eco-environment, providing strong institutional guarantees for conserving biodiversity. +Carrying law enforcement inspections on biodiversity conservation. +Adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward illegal activities involving wildlife trade, China has carried out trans-department, cross-region and cross-border joint actions to crack down on the trafficking of rare and endangered wildlife. +It has improved the long-term mechanism for monitoring law enforcement concerning wild animal protection. +Special law enforcement campaigns have been launched to combat illegal activities threatening wildlife and their habitats, including the Green Shield inspections of nature reserves, the Blue Sea initiative for marine environmental protection, the Sword campaigns targeting fisheries, and the Kunlun actions against crimes and violations in the fields of food, drugs and the environment. +In a tough stand against illegal activities, China has established collaboration mechanisms for cross-region and trans-department joint actions on enforcing the Yangtze River fishing ban and withdrawal of fishermen concerned, and has conducted special campaigns against illegal fishing. +4. Encouraging Public Engagement +China continues to strengthen publicity and education on biodiversity conservation. +An action system involving stronger government guidance, corporate action, and extensive public participation is taking shape. +Public participation in biodiversity conservation has grown and become more diversified. +Public awareness activities and dissemination of knowledge on biodiversity are being carried out. +On important occasions such as the International Day for Biological Diversity, World Wildlife Day, World Wetlands Day, World Environment Day, and Aquatic Wildlife Conservation Public Awareness Month, events will be held to encourage broad social participation and raise public awareness of eco-environmental conservation. +China has explored new publicity models, broadened participation channels, improved incentives, and invited public participation in policy making, information disclosure and public-interest litigation related to biodiversity, creating a positive environment for biodiversity conservation. +Beautiful China, I’m a Contributor – Action Plan to Raise Public Awareness of Ecological Conservation (2021-2025), and Guidelines on Advancing Volunteer Service in Eco-environmental Protection have been released to provide guidelines and norms for entities and individuals to participate in biodiversity conservation. +China has formed alliances for protecting key species including the Yangtze finless porpoise, the turtle and the Chinese white dolphin, which serve as platforms of communication and cooperation for all stakeholders. +In 2015, China joined the Global Partnership for Business and Biodiversity (GPBB), initiated by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. +Enterprises are encouraged to take part in biodiversity-related initiatives and actions against illegal wildlife trade. +IV. +Further Global Cooperation on Biodiversity Conservation +Facing the global challenge of biodiversity loss, all countries form a community of shared future. +China firmly practices multilateralism and actively carries out international cooperation on biodiversity conservation through extensive consultations to build consensus. +It is contributing solutions to global biodiversity conservation and working together with the international community to build a shared future for humanity and nature. +1. Actively Implementing International Conventions +By actively implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and related protocols, with a strong sense of responsibility as a major country, China has worked to enhance synergies among biodiversity-related conventions and played an important role in global biodiversity conservation and governance. +Actively implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and related protocols. +China firmly supports the multilateral governance system for biodiversity, and has adopted strong policies and measures to fulfill its obligations under the Convention since 1992. +As an important signing party of the Convention and its protocols, China has submitted high-quality national reports on a regular basis. +In July 2019, China submitted its Sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity and in October the Fourth National Report to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. +Since 2019 China has been the largest contributor to the core budget of the Convention and its protocols, and has strongly supported its operation and implementation. +In recent years, China has continued to increase its contributions to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and has become the largest developing country contributor to the GEF, lending strong support to global biodiversity conservation. +Enhancing synergies among biodiversity-related conventions. +Biodiversity is closely related to other eco-environmental issues. +China supports collaborative efforts in building a stronger global ecological security barrier and an ecosystem that respects nature, and is ready to work with all the parties to push for a joint role for the Convention and other international conventions. +China takes an active part in implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, and the documents of the UN Forum on Forests. +In cooperation with relevant international organizations, China has established the International Desertification Control Knowledge Management Center. +China and New Zealand jointly led the efforts on Nature-based Solutions (NBS) projects, making NBS a synergistic solution in combating climate change and biodiversity loss. +In September 2020, China announced that it will strive to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, contributing its share to the global response to climate change mitigation. +Achieving remarkable results in fulfilling obligations. +China has made positive contribution to the 2020 global biodiversity targets (the Aichi targets) and the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. +In 2010, the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) was published. +Since then, China has been working for a better eco-environment by improving the legal system and other mechanisms, strengthening in-situ and ex-situ conservation, increasing public participation, and boosting international cooperation and exchanges on biodiversity. +China has over-fulfilled three of the Aichi targets – establishing terrestrial nature reserves, restoring and ensuring important ecosystem services, and increasing ecosystem resilience and carbon storage – and made progress in 13 targets, including mainstreaming biodiversity, sustainable management of agriculture, forestry and fishery, and sustainable production and consumption. +2. Strengthening International Exchanges and Cooperation +China is an advocate of multilateralism. +It engages in extensive cooperation and exchanges, pooling global forces in biodiversity conservation and governance. +With the help of multilateral cooperation mechanisms such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and South-South Cooperation, China has provided support for biodiversity conservation in developing countries and is striving to build a shared future for all life on Earth. +Establishing multilateral cooperation mechanisms for green development under the BRI. +China regards cooperation in eco-civilization as a key component of the BRI, and has adopted a series of green measures in infrastructure, energy, and finance to support participating countries with fund, technology and capacity building. +These measures are helping them transform faster to green, low-carbon growth to the benefit of the people. +China has established the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition, with international partners from over 40 countries. +The Coalition facilitates cooperation on biodiversity conservation, global climate change governance and green transformation. +The BRI Environment Big Data Platform is in the making. +The platform aims to collect biodiversity data from over 100 countries and provides data in support of the initiative’s green development. +A Green Silk Road Envoy Program has been launched to jointly build environmental protection capacity with other developing countries. +Under the program, China has helped relevant countries, through training and other project cooperation, to implement the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. +Stepping up South-South cooperation. +China has provided support for more than 80 developing countries in biodiversity conservation under the framework of South-South cooperation. +China has established a center for the Lancang-Mekong environmental cooperation, and hosted regular roundtable meetings with a focus on ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. +It has set up the China-ASEAN Environmental Cooperation Center, and launched and implemented with ASEAN member states a number of cooperation initiatives, including the China-ASEAN Cooperation Plan on Biodiversity and Ecological Conservation, and the Core Environment Program and Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative in the Greater Mekong Subregion. +Fruitful results have been achieved in biodiversity conservation, corridor planning and management, and community livelihood improvement. +The Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS-SEABRI) was unveiled in 2015 to carry out joint field studies, major scientific research, policy consultation, and personnel training. +The China-Africa Environment Cooperation Center has been established for cooperation on environmental technology and for sharing green development opportunities. +Carrying out extensive bilateral and multilateral cooperation. +Following the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, China has constantly expanded biodiversity cooperation. +It has taken an active part in international conferences and activities, including the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity and the Leaders’ Summit on Climate, giving impetus to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. +In 2020, China organized an online ministerial roundtable “Biodiversity Beyond 2020: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth” to discuss global biodiversity governance after 2020. +China and France jointly issued the Beijing Call for Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change in 2019. +China carries out long-term cooperation on migratory bird protection with Russia, Japan and other countries. +China has worked with Russia, Mongolia, Laos, Vietnam and other countries in establishing transboundary PAs and ecological corridors. +The number of species in the China-Russia transboundary nature reserve continues to grow, and wild Siberian tigers are beginning to migrate freely between PAs in Russia and China. +The China-Laos transboundary biodiversity reserve, with an area of 200,000 hectares, effectively protects rare and endangered species such as Asian elephants and their habitats. +China has established bilateral cooperation mechanisms with Germany, the United Kingdom, South Africa, and some other countries, through which extensive cooperation and exchanges on biodiversity and ecosystem services, climate change, and biosecurity have been carried out. +It has established a mechanism of tripartite policy dialogue on biodiversity with Japan and the ROK. +Conclusion +The Earth is the homeland of humanity and we should protect it together. +Biodiversity is the foundation for human survival and development, and the bloodline of all life on Earth. +Facing the global challenge of biodiversity loss, humanity is one community that shares one and the same future. +On its new journey towards a modern socialist country, China is now equipped with better resources for boosting eco-civilization. +But it also faces many challenges and heavy tasks. +Looking to the future, China will uphold the idea of a shared future for humanity and nature, treat biodiversity conservation as an important part of eco-civilization, and continue to modernize its biodiversity governance system and capabilities. +It will work to improve natural ecosystems, reinforce eco-environmental services, and provide more eco-environmental products, to achieve a virtuous cycle of natural ecosystems and meet the people’s growing demand for a beautiful eco-environment. +China will always stand guard for our harmonious and beautiful planet for all life and contribute to its wellbeing with action. +It will work together with the international community on a new model of global biodiversity governance that is fairer and more reasonable, with each member contributing its share, so as to realize the worldwide vision of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. +It will continue to help build a global community of shared future, and move forward into better times with the rest of the world. diff --git a/utils/en/002 b/utils/en/002 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43328ca --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/en/002 @@ -0,0 +1,560 @@ +China and Africa in the New Era: A Partnership of Equals +The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China +November 2021 +Contents +Foreword +I.Building an Even Stronger China-Africa Community of Shared Future +II.All-Round China-Africa Cooperation in the New Era +III.Strengthening Mutual Support +IV.Breaking New Ground in China-Africa Relations +Conclusion +Foreword +China is the largest developing country in the world, and Africa is the continent with the largest number of developing countries. +Shared past experiences and similar aims and goals have brought China and Africa close together. +China and Africa will always be a community of shared future. +Developing solidarity and cooperation with African countries has been the cornerstone of China’s foreign policy, as well as a firm and longstanding strategy. +In the fight for national liberation and independence, China and African countries supported each other and expanded mutual political trust in the process. +In pursuing economic development and national rejuvenation, both sides have been helping the other and increasing the scope of cooperation. +On major international and regional issues, they have coordinated their positions and jointly safeguarded international equality and justice. +Entering the new era, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the principles of China’s Africa policy – sincerity, real results, amity and good faith, and pursuing the greater good and shared interests, charting the course for China’s cooperation with Africa, and providing the fundamental guidelines. +The dual successes of the Johannesburg Summit in 2015 and the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2018 pushed China-Africa cooperation to a new and unprecedented high. +President Xi Jinping and African leaders unanimously decided at the FOCAC Beijing Summit that the two sides would work to build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, advance cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, establishing a new milestone in China-Africa relations. +China-Africa friendship has not been an overnight achievement, nor has it been gifted from on high. +Rather, it has been fostered throughout the years when China and Africa supported and stood alongside each other in trying times. +China has aided to the limit of its capabilities the development of Africa, and has been grateful for the strong support and selfless help African countries and their peoples have extended to China for a long period of time. +Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, China and African countries have continued to provide mutual support, writing a new chapter in China-Africa solidarity and friendship at times of crisis. +This white paper is designed to document the successes of China-Africa cooperation in the new era, and offer a perspective on future cooperation between the two sides. +I. Building an Even Stronger China-Africa Community of Shared Future +China and Africa enjoy a long-lasting friendship. +Chairman Mao Zedong and other first-generation leaders of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), along with African statesmen of the older generation, laid the foundations for China-Africa friendship. +China has always offered respect, appreciation, and support for Africa, and the Chinese people have shared weal and woe and mutual assistance with African people, exploring a distinctive path to win-win cooperation. +At the FOCAC Beijing Summit held in September 2018, the two sides decided to build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future and lead China-Africa relations and cooperation into a new era. +China and Africa have stood together in success and adversity, setting an example for building a global community of shared future. +1. The Principles of Sincerity, Real Results, Amity and Good Faith and the Principles of Pursuing the Greater Good and Shared Interests +The principles of sincerity, real results, amity and good faith and the principles of pursuing the greater good and shared interests epitomize China’s policy to Africa. +They represent the essence of Chinese culture and embody the historical traditions of China-Africa friendship – a role model for international cooperation with Africa. +They are the overarching guiding principles for China in building up solidarity and cooperation with developing countries, including those in Africa. +“Sincerity” is how we treat our African friends. +Nothing is more important than a true friend. +China has always considered solidarity and cooperation with African countries to be an essential element of its foreign policy. +This will never change, not even when China grows stronger and enjoys a higher international status. +China is ready to reinforce mutual support with African countries on issues involving core interests and major concerns of either or both. +China will continue its firm support for Africa’s position on international and regional affairs, and uphold the common interests of developing countries. +China will continue its support for African countries’ efforts to resolve their continent’s issues in their own way, and make a greater contribution to peace and security in Africa. +China will continue its firm support for African countries’ efforts to explore development paths suited to their national conditions. +It also stands ready to increase exchanges on governance experience with African countries and boost common development and prosperity, by drawing on wisdom from the time-honored civilizations and experience of both sides. +“Real results” are what China aims to achieve in its cooperation with Africa. +China is a champion of win-win cooperation and works to put the principle into action. +China is committed to integrating its own development closely with Africa’s development, and the Chinese people’s interests with those of African peoples. +By so doing, China sincerely hopes that African countries will grow stronger and that African life will get better. +While pursuing its own development, China has extended support and assistance to its African friends to the limits of its capacity. +Particularly in recent years, China has scaled up its assistance and cooperation with Africa. +Whenever it makes a commitment, China will always honor it to the letter. +It will continue to expand cooperation in investment and financing with Africa and strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation in agricultural and manufacturing sectors. +By so doing, China will help African countries translate their strengths in resources into advantages in development and realize independent and sustainable development. +“Amity” is a principle China follows in strengthening China-Africa friendship. +The peoples of China and Africa are destined to be good friends. +Their hearts are bonded through dialogue and concrete actions. +China-Africa friendship has its roots and lifeblood in the people, and the goal of China-Africa relations is to benefit the people. +The two sides have long valued people-to-people exchanges, so that the Chinese people and African people know each other well and China-Africa friendship has grown on a solid social base. +China-Africa friendship is forward-looking. +To flourish, it needs continuous efforts by aspirational Chinese and African youth from one generation to another. +The two sides should promote youth exchanges so that the friendship can maintain dynamism and vigor. +“Good faith” should be honored in solving problems arising from cooperation. +Both China and Africa are at a stage of rapid development. +Their mutual understanding should keep abreast of the times. +China faces up squarely to any new problems in their relations, and is committed to properly addressing emerging problems in a spirit of mutual respect and win-win cooperation. +In terms of the principles of shared interests and the greater good, each is of vital importance, but more emphasis is given to the latter. +In international affairs, China advocates political justice, mutual economic benefit, win-win cooperation, and common development. +It upholds good faith, friendship, and integrity. +Properly handling the relationship between shared interests and the greater good is an essential requirement of China-Africa relations in the new era. +The greatest good in China-Africa relations is to closely combine Africa’s independent and sustainable development with China’s own development, and reject the zero-sum game and actions driven by a narrow pursuit of profit. +The ultimate goal is to realize win-win cooperation. +2. Mutual Respect and Common Development +China-Africa cooperation is about mutual support between developing countries. +Over the years, China has formed a distinctive approach to win-win cooperation with Africa. +The approach is in line with the traditional Chinese philosophy, “Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you.” +It also corresponds to the fundamental interests of African countries and the basic norms of international relations. +It is a hallmark of China-Africa solidarity and cooperation and can serve as a useful reference for international cooperation with Africa. +China’s approach involves upholding four principles: +– Upholding sincerity, friendship and equality. +The Chinese people have worked together with African people in pursuit of a shared future. +China respects, appreciates and supports Africa. +– Upholding shared interests and the greater good, with greater emphasis on the latter. +In its cooperation with Africa, China applies the principles of giving more and taking less, giving before taking, and giving without asking for something in return. +It welcomes African countries aboard the express train of China’s development with open arms. +– Upholding a people-oriented approach in pursuing practical cooperation with efficiency. +In its cooperation with Africa, China gives top priority to the interests and wellbeing of the peoples of China and Africa, and works to their benefit. +China is committed to fully honoring the promises it has made to its African friends. +– Upholding openness and inclusiveness. +China stands ready to work with other international partners to support Africa in pursuing peace and development. +It welcomes and supports all initiatives that further Africa’s interests. +In developing relations with Africa, there are five lines that China will not cross: no interference in African countries’ choice of a development path that fits their national conditions; no interference in African countries’ internal affairs; no imposition of its will on African countries; no attachment of political strings to assistance to Africa; and no pursuit of selfish political gains through investment and financing cooperation with Africa. +3. The Lofty Goal of Building a Community of Shared Future +At the FOCAC Beijing Summit in 2018, China and Africa reached a strategic agreement to build a China-Africa community of shared future characterized by joint responsibility, win-win cooperation, happiness for all, cultural prosperity, common security, and harmony between humanity and nature. +This is a fundamental program of action, and a lofty goal for the two sides. +It has charted the course for China-Africa cooperation in the new era. +– In assuming joint responsibility, the two sides will reinforce mutual understanding and support on issues involving each other’s core interests and major concerns, and boost coordination on major international and regional issues. +These efforts will enable the two sides to uphold the common interests of China and Africa as well as other developing countries. +– In pursuing win-win cooperation, China and Africa will seize the opportunity created by the complementarity between their respective development strategies and the major opportunities presented by the Belt and Road Initiative. +This will allow them to expand areas of cooperation and unlock new cooperation potential. +– In delivering happiness for all and growing China-Africa relations, the clear goal of the two sides is to make people’s lives better. +The cooperation between the two sides must deliver real benefit to the people in both China and African countries. +– In pursuing cultural prosperity, China and Africa will work to strengthen the bond between their peoples by increasing exchanges, mutual learning and harmonious co-existence between the civilizations of the two sides, invigorating their civilizations and cultures, enriching their artistic creations, and providing richer cultural nourishment. +– In seeking common security, China is ready to play a constructive role, and will support African countries in strengthening their independent capacity for safeguarding stability and peace. +China firmly supports African countries and the African Union (AU), as well as other regional organizations in Africa, in their efforts to solve African issues in African ways. +– In promoting harmony between humanity and nature, China will strengthen exchanges and cooperation with Africa on climate change, clean energy, prevention and control of desertification and soil erosion, protection of wildlife, and other areas of ecological and environmental sensitivity. +Through their combined efforts, the two sides will make China and Africa beautiful places for people to live in harmony with nature. +Ultimately, it is for the Chinese and African people to judge the results of China-Africa cooperation. +China’s aim in developing cooperation with Africa will always be to promote the fundamental interests of the Chinese and African people. +It will never make containment of any third country an aim of its policy in Africa. +4. An Exemplary Model for World Development and Cooperation +When China-Africa cooperation thrives, South-South cooperation will flourish. +When China and Africa are fully developed, the world will be a better place. +Cooperation in the new era is the sure way for China and Africa to realize common development. +It will lay more solid foundations for building an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, and build up strong momentum for the rise of developing countries as a whole, and for more balanced international relations. +Under the combined impact of the pandemic, a scale of change unseen in a century, and a sharp conflict between multilateralism and unilateralism, the global governance system is facing profound and unprecedented challenges. +China sees Africa as a broad stage for international cooperation rather than an arena for competition among major countries. +China-Africa cooperation has never been a case of talk and no action. +It is a case of bringing tangible benefits to people in China and Africa, and creating more favorable conditions for others in the international community to conduct cooperation with Africa. +In the new era, through solidarity and cooperation, the peoples of China and Africa will set an example in increasing the wellbeing of humanity, creating a new type of international relations, and building a global community of shared future. +II.All-Round China-Africa Cooperationin the New Era +China and Africa trust each other and China-Africa friendship is rock-solid. +China is committed to consolidating China-Africa political mutual trust, expanding pragmatic cooperation with Africa in various areas, and extending its help to boost peace and development in the continent. +China has always been on the forefront of international cooperation with Africa. +After years of dedicated efforts, the tree of China-Africa cooperation has flourished – it is tall and strong, and cannot be shaken by any force. +China-Africa friendship is in its prime. +The fruitful results of China-Africa cooperation can be seen across the continent. +It has improved the conditions for economic and social development in Africa and brought tangible benefits to people in both China and Africa. +1. Mutual Political Trust +Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, China and African countries have always been good friends who stand together through prosperity and adversity, good partners who share weal and woe, and good comrades who fully trust each other in a shifting international landscape. +In 2006, the FOCAC Beijing Summit decided to establish a new type of China-Africa strategic partnership. +In 2015, the FOCAC Johannesburg Summit decided to build a China-Africa comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership. +In the 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit, the two sides agreed to build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, raising China-Africa relations to a new level. +High-level exchanges play an important role in developing China-Africa relations. +State leaders of the two sides value communication and coordination on bilateral relations and major issues of common interest. +Their exchanges have laid solid political groundwork for consolidating traditional friendship, increasing mutual political trust, safeguarding common interests, and pursuing development and cooperation. +In March 2013, President Xi Jinping visited Africa, his first official overseas visit after assuming the office of president. +To date he has made four visits to different locations across the continent. +During the 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit, President Xi had one-on-one meetings with more than 50 African leaders, renewing friendships, exploring cooperation, and discussing the future. +He also attended close to 70 bilateral and multilateral events. +After the FOCAC Beijing Summit in 2018, 17 African leaders came to China for state visits or meetings. +Following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, state leaders of the two sides have maintained contacts and communication via video and phone calls. +In June 2020, President Xi Jinping presided over the Extraordinary China-Africa Summit on Solidarity Against Covid-19 via video link. +Thirteen African leaders and chairperson of the AU Commission attended the summit. +Since the pandemic struck, President Xi has talked by phone with African state leaders on 17 occasions, maintaining close high-level contacts and exchanges with his African counterparts. +President Xi has always treated African friends as equals, and fostered solid friendships and profound trust with African leaders. +This head-of-state diplomacy has guided China-Africa relations to steady and sustained prosperity. +China and Africa consistently work to diversify and improve intergovernmental dialogue, consultation and cooperation mechanisms. +They make the most of the coordinating role of the mechanism to promote all-round development of China-Africa cooperation in various areas. +China has established a comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership with nine African countries, a comprehensive strategic partnership with three, a strategic partnership with six, and a comprehensive cooperative partnership with seven. +China has set up bi-national commissions and diplomatic consultation or strategic dialogue mechanisms with 21 African countries and the AU Commission, and joint (mixed) committees on trade and economic cooperation with 51 African countries. +In 2016, China and the AU established a consultation mechanism on human rights. +In 2017, China established the High-Level People-to-People Exchange Mechanism with South Africa, the first of its kind between China and an African country. +China-Africa cooperation at the local level is flourishing. +The two sides have held four cooperation forums between local governments since 2012. +There are currently 160 pairings of sister provinces/cities between China and African countries, 48 of which have been established since 2013. +China and African countries conduct close exchanges between political parties, legislative bodies and consultative bodies, building multi-level, multi-channel, multi-form and multi-dimensional friendly cooperation. +The Communist Party of China expands exchanges and cooperation with political parties in African countries based on the principles of independence, equality, mutual respect and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. +It is committed to building a new type of relations between political parties in which different political parties seek common ground while setting aside differences, and they respect and learn from each other. +The two sides make full use of the positive role of legislation and supervision to provide policy support for bilateral cooperation and exchanges. +The National People’s Congress of China has established mechanisms for regular exchanges with parliaments in Egypt, South Africa and Kenya, and bilateral friendship groups with parliaments in 35 African countries. +The National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and its subsidiary organs maintain contacts with 59 institutions in 39 African countries. +In June 2019, the CPPCC National Committee established the China-Africa Friendship Group, the first of its kind in the history of the CPPCC. +Over the past years, more African countries have joined the extended family of China-Africa friendship. +China restored ambassadorial-level diplomatic relations with The Gambia on March 17, 2016, with Sao Tome and Principe on December 26, 2016, and with Burkina Faso on May 26, 2018. +China now has diplomatic relations with 53 African countries, with the sole exception of Eswatini. +China has been active in developing cooperation with the AU and African sub-regional organizations. +The AU Conference Center, which was built with Chinese assistance, was inaugurated in January 2012. +It was the second-largest project in Africa to be built with China’s assistance after the Tanzania-Zambia Railway. +In 2014, China sent a mission to the AU, marking a new stage of China-AU relations. +China values the AU’s leading role in advancing African integration and building a stronger African continent through unity, and supports its dominant role in safeguarding peace and security in Africa. +China also supports the AU in playing a bigger role in regional and international affairs, adopting Agenda 2063, and executing the First Ten-Year Implementation Plan. +In a capacity of observer, China has attended the summit of many African sub-regional organizations including the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the East African Community (EAC), and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development and the Economic Community of Central African States. +China has sent ambassadors to the ECOWAS, SADC and EAC. +2. Rapidly Expanding Economic Cooperation +China and Africa have seen economic and trade cooperation expanding rapidly in scale and extent. +The 10 major cooperation plans and the eight major initiatives adopted at the 2015 FOCAC Johannesburg Summit and the 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit raised China-Africa economic and trade cooperation to a new level. +– Increasing development assistance. +While pursuing its own growth, China supports African countries in seeking development and improving their people’s lives. +In the new era, China has scaled up assistance to Africa. +Foreign aid from 2013 to 2018 totaled RMB270 billion. +Of this sum, 45 percent went to African countries in the form of grants, interest-free loans and concessional loans. +From 2000 to 2020, China helped African countries build more than 13,000 km of roads and railway and more than 80 large-scale power facilities, and funded over 130 medical facilities, 45 sports venues and over 170 schools. +It also trained more than 160,000 personnel for Africa, and built a series of flagship projects including the AU Conference Center. +China’s assistance extended to various aspects of the economy, society and people’s lives, and was widely welcomed and supported by governments in Africa and the people. +China has announced an exemption from debt incurred in the form of interest-free Chinese government loans due to mature by the end of 2018. +It will apply to Africa’s least developed countries, heavily indebted and poor countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing countries that have diplomatic relations with China. +During the Covid-19 pandemic, China cancelled the outstanding debts of 15 African countries in the form of interest-free loans that matured at the end of 2020. +– Booming trade relations. +China has been Africa’s largest trading partner for the 12 years since 2009. +The proportion of Africa’s trade with China in the continent’s total external trade has continued to rise. +In 2020, the figure exceeded 21 percent. +The structure of China-Africa trade is improving. +There has been a marked increase in technology in China’s exports to Africa, with the export of mechanical and electrical products and high-tech products now accounting for more than 50 percent of the total. +China has increased its imports of non-resource products from Africa, and offered zero-tariff treatment to 97 percent of taxable items exported to China by the 33 least-developed countries in Africa, with the goal of helping more African agricultural and manufactured goods gain access to the Chinese market. +China’s imports in services from Africa have been growing at an average annual rate of 20 percent since 2017, creating close to 400,000 jobs for the continent every year. +In recent years, China’s imports of agricultural products from Africa have also risen, and China has emerged as the second largest destination for Africa’s agricultural exports. +China and Africa have seen booming trade in new business models including cross-border e-commerce. +Cooperation under the Silk Road E-commerce initiative has advanced. +China has built a mechanism for e-commerce cooperation with Rwanda, and Chinese businesses have been active in investing in overseas order fulfillment centers. +High-quality and special products from Africa are now directly available to the Chinese market via e-commerce platforms. +The China-Mauritius free trade agreement (FTA), which became effective on January 1 2021, was the first FTA between China and an African country. +It has injected new vitality into China-Africa economic and trade cooperation. +– Promoting cooperation in investment and financing. +Cooperation in investment and financing has been one of the success stories of China-Africa cooperation in recent years, bringing new vitality into Africa’s economic and social development. +Combining Africa’s needs and China’s strengths, China encourages its companies to increase and optimize investment in Africa, providing support in financing and export credit insurance for eligible projects. +Thanks to the combined efforts of the Chinese government, financial institutions, and enterprises, China’s investment in Africa has built up sound momentum. +It covers a wide range of fields including mining, processing and smelting of ores, equipment manufacturing, agriculture, home appliance production, aviation services, medicine and health, and the digital economy. +With this help, African countries have been able to upgrade their industrialization, improve their industries, and increase their capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports. +By the end of 2020, direct investment of Chinese companies in Africa had surpassed $43 billion. +China has established over 3,500 companies of various types across the continent. +Private companies have gradually become the main investment force in Africa; more than 80 percent of their employees are locals, and they have directly and indirectly created millions of jobs. +– Facilitating agricultural development in Africa. +China has always been willing to share agricultural development experience and technology with Africa, to support African countries in improving agricultural production and processing, and to help them in building their agricultural value chains and trade. +Since 2012, 7,456 African trainees have received agricultural training in China. +Through projects such as sending Chinese agricultural experts to Africa, more than 50,000 Africans have been trained and 23 agricultural demonstration centers have been built. +To date, China has established agricultural cooperation mechanisms with 23 African countries and regional organizations, and signed 72 bilateral and multilateral agricultural cooperation agreements. +Since 2012, China has signed 31 agricultural cooperation agreements with 20 African countries and regional organizations. +In 2019, the First China-Africa Agriculture Cooperation Forum was held, which announced the establishment of the China-AU Agriculture Cooperation Commission and the formulation of a program of action to promote China-Africa cooperation in agricultural modernization. +By the end of 2020, more than 200 Chinese companies had an investment stock of $1.11 billion in agricultural sector in 35 African countries. +Their investments cover areas such as planting, breeding and processing. +More than 350 types of African agricultural products can be traded with China. +All this ensures steady growth in China-Africa agricultural trade. +– Contributing to industrialization in Africa. +Industrialization is a prerequisite for the continent to achieve inclusive and sustainable development, and is also the key to creating jobs, eradicating poverty, and improving living standards. +China supports African countries in improving their “soft” and “hard” environment for investment in accordance with their national conditions and development needs. +Taking industrial alignment and capacity cooperation as the engine, China helps advance the process of Africa’s industrialization and economic diversification. +To date, China has established industrial capacity cooperation mechanisms with 15 countries in Africa. +China and African countries have worked together to build economic and trade cooperation zones, special economic zones, industrial parks and science parks, attracting enterprises from China and other countries to invest in Africa. +They have built production and processing bases and localized their operations in Africa, contributing to an increase in local employment and tax revenues, and promoting industrial upgrading and technical cooperation. +The China-Africa Fund for Production Capacity Cooperation has focused on the construction of highways, railways, and aviation networks, and industrialization in Africa. +As of March 2021, investments had been made in 21 projects, covering energy, resources and manufacturing and boosting industrial development in recipient countries. +Dozens of Chinese-funded enterprises have cooperated with African counterparts to build photovoltaic power stations, with a cumulative installed capacity exceeding 1.5 GW, which has helped create photovoltaic industry chains from scratch in Africa, while effectively alleviating power shortages and reducing carbon emissions. +– Expanding cooperation in infrastructure. +China supports Africa in making infrastructure development a priority for economic revitalization. +It encourages and supports Chinese enterprises to adopt various models to participate in the construction, investment, operation and management of infrastructure projects in Africa. +From 2016 to 2020, total investment in infrastructure projects in Africa reached almost $200 billion. +Projects implemented by Chinese companies accounted for 31.4 percent of all infrastructure projects on the African continent in 2020. +Since the founding of FOCAC, Chinese companies have utilized various funds to help African countries build and upgrade more than 10,000 km of railways, nearly 100,000 km of highways, nearly 1,000 bridges and 100 ports, and 66,000 km of power transmission and distribution. +They have also helped build an installed power-generating capacity of 120 million kW, a communications backbone network of 150,000 km and a network service covering nearly 700 million user terminals. +Built and operated by Chinese companies, the Mombasa-Nairobi Railway was the first modern railway to be built in Kenya in 100 years. +Applying Chinese standards, technologies and equipment, the project has won praise as a road of friendship and cooperation, and a path towards win-win development between China and Africa in the new era. +The railway has carried 5.4 million passengers and 1.3 million standard containers. +It has contributed 1.5 percent to Kenya’s economic growth, and created 46,000 direct and indirect jobs. +China has guided its enterprises to explore multiple forms of cooperation, such as BOT (build-operate-transfer), BOO (build-own-operate) and PPP (public-private partnership). +Such efforts aim to transform China-Africa infrastructure cooperation to a wholly integrated model covering investment, construction and operation, and push forward the sustainable development of infrastructure projects. +– Strengthening financial cooperation. +Financial institutions from both sides have been exploring each other’s markets. +Their central banks have expanded the scale of local currency settlement and currency swap, leading to a steady improvement in China-Africa financial facilitation. +As of October 2021, the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) had 42 indirect participants in Africa, covering 19 African countries. +The People’s Bank of China (PBOC), China’s central bank, has signed successive currency swap agreements with the central banks of South Africa, Morocco, Egypt and Nigeria, to a total amount of RMB73 billion. +China has signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in financial supervision with seven African countries including Egypt, South Africa and Nigeria, laying a solid foundation for steady and long-term bilateral financial cooperation. +China has joined the African Development Bank (AfDB), the Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank, the West African Development Bank and other multilateral development financial institutions. +It has pledged to contribute a total of $996 million to the African Development Fund under the AfDB. +– Expanding cooperation in the digital economy. +China is helping African countries to eliminate the digital divide. +Rapid development and fruitful results have been achieved in this field – building digital infrastructure, transition towards a digital society, and the application of new technologies such as the Internet of Things and mobile finance. +Chinese companies have participated in a number of submarine cable projects connecting Africa and Europe, Asia, and the Americas. +They have cooperated with major African operators in achieving full basic coverage of telecommunications services in Africa. +They have built more than half of the continent’s wireless sites and high-speed mobile broadband networks. +In total, more than 200,000 km of optical fiber has been laid, giving broadband Internet access to 6 million households, and serving more than 900 million local people. +To date, more than 1,500 companies in 17 cities in 15 African countries have selected Chinese corporate partners on their digital transformation path. +Twenty-nine countries have selected smart government service solutions provided by Chinese companies. +China and Africa have jointly established a public cloud service in South Africa that covers the entire African region. +The two sides also released the first 5G independent networking commercial network in the region. +The level and content of China-Africa e-commerce cooperation continue to grow. +The Silk Road E-Commerce Capacity Building Cloud Lectures have effectively improved the digital literacy of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in partner countries. +Promotion activities have been held to help high-quality products from Africa to access the Chinese market. +Such activities include a government-initiated shopping festival that began in 2019, featuring Silk Road e-commerce, as well as the FOCAC African Products Online Promoting Season. +Chinese companies actively participate in building platforms of public services in Africa such as electronic payment and smart logistics. +All these efforts are designed to achieve win-win cooperation through promoting connectivity. +At the China-Africa Internet Development and Cooperation Forum in August 2021, China announced its intention to formulate and implement a joint China-Africa Partnership Plan on Digital Innovation in Africa. +3. Growing Cooperation on Social Development +China is promoting cooperation with Africa in social fields such as poverty reduction, health, education, science and technology, environmental protection, climate change and exchanges among young people and women. +Through strengthening exchanges, providing assistance and sharing experience, China is helping African countries to improve their comprehensive social development, which then provides internal impetus for their economic growth. +– Sharing experience in poverty reduction. +Poverty is a common challenge facing China and Africa. +Ending poverty is the primary goal of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. +With hundreds of millions of poor people having worked their way out of poverty, China has created a successful path of poverty eradication with Chinese characteristics, which has served as a reference for addressing the problem in Africa. +China has effectively implemented the Program for Strengthening China-Africa Cooperation on Poverty Reduction. +With mechanisms like the FOCAC Africa-China Poverty Reduction and Development Conference, and the China-Africa Youth Exchange Program on Poverty Reduction and Development, China has supported local governments, academics, enterprises, and youth and non-governmental organizations in both China and Africa in carrying out various forms of exchange and pragmatic cooperation on poverty reduction. +Since 2010, 10 FOCAC Africa-China Poverty Reduction and Development conferences have been held in countries such as China, Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, with nearly 1,600 participants in total. +From 2005 to 2021, China organized 160 poverty reduction and foreign aid training programs. +Some 2,700 people from 53 African countries participated in the training, accounting for almost 60 percent of the total number of trainees. +– Enhancing medical and health cooperation. +The Chinese government has always ranked people and lives above everything else. +Through concrete actions, China has helped African countries respond to various epidemics and plagues and build a public health system, promoting a China-Africa community of health. +One of the longest and most effective cooperation projects that involves the greatest number of African countries is the dispatch of Chinese medical teams. +The first one, which was sent to Algeria in 1963, marked the first chapter in the story of China’s medical aid to Africa. +Over the past 58 years, China has sent a total of 23,000 medical team members to Africa, who have treated 230 million patients. +At present, there are nearly 1,000 Chinese medical workers in 45 African countries, working at 98 medical centers. +They are hailed by the local Africans as the health messengers in white, models of South-South cooperation and most welcome guests. +Chinese medical teams carried out 34 free clinical programs under the Brightness Action initiative, restoring the eyesight of almost 10,000 African cataract patients. +China focuses on helping African countries strengthen medical specialties, training 20,000 African medical personnel. +To date, it has helped 18 African countries establish 20 centers in different medical specialties, covering cardiology, critical care medicine, trauma and endoscopy. +Paired cooperation mechanisms have been established between the Chinese side and 45 hospitals in 40 African countries. +China supports African countries in improving their capacity in border health and quarantine inspection, and sends disease control experts to the Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention to provide technical support. +– Expanding cooperation in education and human resources. +China vigorously supports education in Africa. +Based on the needs of African countries for economic and social development, it helps train much-needed professionals for African countries and encourages outstanding African youth to study in China through several scholarships. +Starting from 2012, the two sides have implemented the 20+20 Cooperation Plan for Chinese and African Institutions of Higher Education as an exchange and cooperation platform among universities. +China set up an educational trust fund under UNESCO to provide teacher training for more than 10,000 teachers in African countries. +Since 2018, China has established Luban Workshops together with colleges and universities in countries including Egypt, South Africa, Djibouti and Kenya, sharing quality vocational education resources with Africa and training high-caliber technical personnel to meet the urgent needs of economic and social development on the continent. +China has helped more than 30 African universities set up Chinese language departments or Chinese language majors. +In cooperation with China, 16 African countries have incorporated the Chinese language into their national education systems. +The two sides have established 61 Confucius Institutes and 48 Confucius Classrooms in Africa. +Since 2004, China has sent a total of 5,500 Chinese language teachers and volunteers to 48 African nations. +– Stepping up scientific and technological collaboration, and knowledge sharing. +China actively strengthens communication and coordination with Africa in terms of technological innovation strategies. +It shares experience and achievements, and promotes the exchange and training of professionals and technology transfer, as well as innovation and entrepreneurship on both sides. +China and African countries have set up high-level joint laboratories, the China-Africa Joint Research Center, and an innovation cooperation center. +In recent years, China has assisted Africa in cultivating a large number of scientific and technological talents through projects such as the Alliance of International Science Organizations in the Belt and Road Region Scholarship, Chinese government scholarships, the Talented Young Scientist Program, and the Innovative Talent Exchange Project. +Breakthroughs have been made in space cooperation. +Using China’s remote sensing data, the two parties carry out cooperation in the fields of disaster prevention and mitigation, radio astronomy, satellite navigation and positioning, and precision agriculture. +They also participate together in the Square Kilometer Array Project. +The complete satellite assembly integration and test center built by Egypt with China’s help has laid solid foundations for Egypt’s aerospace industry. +China also assisted Algeria and Sudan to launch their first artificial satellites. +– Expanding collaboration in eco-environmental protection and jointly responding to climate change. +The peoples of China and Africa share a common yearning for a beautiful environment and a better life. +As a result, they work together to advocate green, low-carbon, recyclable and sustainable development and safeguard the common homeland of humanity. +Since 2012, they have co-organized a seminar on green cooperation guiding the future economy and a ministerial conference on China-Africa environmental cooperation, promoting communication and coordination of environmental governance policies. +The China-Africa Environmental Cooperation Center began operations in 2020 with the participation of China and African countries, as well as other international organizations, research institutions, and enterprises. +As of September 2021, related institutions in seven African countries, including Angola and Kenya, have joined the International Coalition for Green Development on the Belt and Road, devised to contribute to the green development of the Belt and Road Initiative. +China has carried out South-South cooperation on tackling climate change, and to date has signed 15 cooperation agreements with 14 African countries. +Various approaches have been explored in support of Africa’s response to the issue, such as implementing mitigation and adaptation programs, jointly setting up pilot low-carbon industrial parks, and conducting training in capacity-building. +For example, the Ethiopian Remote Sensing Satellite-1, or ETRSS-1, launched with Chinese help, is one of the fruits of China’s first remote sensing satellite cooperation with Africa. +China and Africa crack down together on transnational organized crimes related to endangered wildlife trafficking, through intelligence sharing in environmental protection laws and regulations and helping each other to build capacity in law enforcement. +While implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and dealing with other related affairs, China strengthens communication and coordination with African countries, in an endeavor to protect and ensure the sustainable exploitation of global wild fauna and flora. +4. People-to-People and Cultural Exchanges +As an old Chinese saying goes, “State-to-state relations thrive when there is friendship between the peoples.” +China and African countries have embraced further exchanges in culture, media, science and technology, and think tanks, and facilitated dialogues among youth and women. +These efforts have promoted people-to-people bonds and laid solid foundations for further developments. +– Expanding exchanges and cooperation in the cultural sector and tourism. +The two sides continue to sign implementation plans for intergovernmental agreements on signature programs such as the Year of China, the Year of Culture, Happy Spring Festival, Chinese and African Cultures in Focus, and Insight on China, further enhancing cultural exchanges and cooperation. +As of December 2020, 346 such implementation plans had been inked and carried out. +From 2013 to 2020, Chinese art troupes made 140 visits to Africa to hold performances. +Since 2013, art troupes from 28 African countries have been invited to perform in China. +Since 2016, China has held hundreds of cultural seminars for African countries, with nearly 1,500 African participants in total. +Chinese cultural centers have been set up in Mauritius, Benin, Egypt, Nigeria, Tanzania and Morocco. +The Chinese Government has signed documents with counterparts in Tunisia, Kenya, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Ethiopia and Mozambique on establishing Chinese cultural centers in these countries or their cultural centers in China. +To date China has signed bilateral documents on cooperation in tourism with 31 African countries. +It has listed 34 African countries as outbound group tour destinations for its citizens, and officially launched group tourism businesses for its people with 22 African countries. +– Working on closer cooperation in the press, the media, and film and television. +China and Africa continue to strengthen dialogue and exchanges on furthering news cooperation, managing cyberspace, and handling media relations. +To this end, exchange events have been held such as the China-Africa Media Summit and the Forum on China-Africa Media Cooperation. +Thirty African media outlets have joined the Belt and Road News Alliance, and 42 African countries have participated in the Belt and Road Media Community Summit Forum. +China supports the development of the African radio, film and television industries. +This can be seen from the effort to provide satellite TV reception to 10,000 African villages, and to support outdoor screening activities – the Caravan program – in rural areas and remote suburbs, covering more than 70 villages and regions in 12 countries. +China and Africa encourage joint development and production of more works that tell stories about Africa and China-Africa friendship. +Chinese companies provide program resources in 11 languages on more than 600 channels for 13 million African users. +In recent years, China has carried out multilingual translations of about 200 outstanding Chinese audiovisual works for Africa and held Chinese film screenings and exhibitions in more than 10 African countries. +Each year, a number of African films are screened at Chinese film festivals as well. +– Encouraging academic exchanges and cooperation among think tanks. +China and Africa support various forms of cooperation among academic research institutions, think tanks and universities in carrying out subject research, academic exchanges and publication of works. +Support is given to sharing research and achievements, especially on topics such as state governance, development paths, industrial capacity cooperation, culture, and law. +Both sides have also been working on enhancing research strengths. +More than 80 think tanks and academic research institutions have participated in the China-Africa Joint Research and Exchange Plan. +The Fifth Ministerial Conference of FOCAC held in 2012 proposed to implement the China-Africa Think Tanks 10+10 Partnership Plan for long-term paired cooperation. +In April 2019, China-Africa Institute was established in Beijing. +– Increasing non-governmental exchanges. +China and African countries have actively implemented the Proposals on China-Africa People-to-People Exchanges and Cooperation, the China-Africa People-to-People Friendship Action, the Silk Road Community Building Program, and the China-Africa People-to-People Friendship and Partnership Program. +They support trade unions, other non-governmental organizations and social groups in engaging in exchanges. +Since 2011, the two sides have held six China-Africa People’s Forums. +In addition, five China-Africa Young Leaders Forums, four Asian-African Youth Festivals and three China-Africa Youth Galas have been held since 2012. +The 1st China-Africa Future Leaders’ Dialogue was held in 2021. +As of 2020, the Chinese Government has dispatched 484 young volunteers to 16 African countries. +It has established contacts and exchanges with more than 100 women’s organizations in 53 African countries. +Centers dedicated to friendly exchanges or training among women have been established in Mauritius, Lesotho, Djibouti, Zimbabwe and Sudan. +5. Cooperation on Peace and Security +Without security and stability, there can be no development. +As a constructive participant in peace and security affairs in Africa, China has always championed the principle of African people solving African issues in their own ways, and advocated the need to address root causes as well as symptoms and seek cooperation for the benefit of all parties. +It supports the right of African countries and the AU to play a leading role in the region’s peace and security affairs. +China supports their efforts to promote peace and stability and fight against terrorism. +China endorses the “Silence the Guns in Africa” initiative in countries and regional organizations such as the AU. +China will continue to support the UN in providing financial support for the AU’s independent peacekeeping operations. +Based on the principles of respecting the will of African countries, not interfering in African countries’ internal affairs, and observing the basic norms governing international relations, China is actively exploring constructive participation in promoting and maintaining peace and security in Africa. +China and Africa continue to expand exchanges and hold dialogues in the field of peace and security. +Since 2019, China has co-hosted or hosted the Dialogue on the Implementation of China-Africa Peace and Security Initiative, the First China-Africa Peace and Security Forum, and the Video Conference on Military Medicine under the forum. +It has also actively participated in important conferences or forums held by African countries in related fields. +The Chinese Government’s Special Representative for African Affairs has actively engaged in mediation efforts in Africa, and played a unique and constructive role in Africa’s peace and security endeavors. +Through various means such as port calls and joint exercises and training, China has provided strong support to African countries in strengthening national defense and the armed forces, and to countries in the Sahel region and those bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Guinea in upholding security and combating terrorism in their regions. +China has launched assistance programs and helped train African military personnel under the Belt and Road Initiative, and in areas of law and order, UN peacekeeping missions, fighting piracy and combating terrorism. +China supports the UN in playing an important role in maintaining peace and stability in Africa. +Among the permanent members of the UN Security Council, China has sent the largest number of peacekeepers to the continent. +Since China first took part in UN peacekeeping operations in 1990, more than 80 percent of its peacekeepers have been deployed in Africa. +Over 30,000 Chinese peacekeepers have been sent to Africa to perform tasks in 17 peacekeeping mission areas. +More than 1,800 peacekeepers are currently performing missions in five of these areas – Mali, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC), Abyei, South Sudan and Western Sahara. +In accordance with UN Security Council resolutions, the PLA Navy has deployed regular convoys in the Gulf of Aden since 2008. +To date it has dispatched 39 escort taskforces, providing protection to approximately 7,000 Chinese and foreign vessels in about 1,400 groups. +China also decided to donate 300,000 doses of Covid-19 vaccine to UN peacekeepers, with priority given to those in African mission areas. +As of August 2020, a total of 11 Chinese military peacekeepers had sacrificed their lives for the noble cause of peace in Africa. +China and Africa embrace the expansion of orderly personnel exchanges. +They have worked on consular cooperation, increased cooperation between law enforcement departments, and acted against various cross-border crimes. +In 2019 Chinese citizens made 607,000 visits to the African continent, while the number of African visitors to China reached 685,000. +Growth in personnel exchanges promotes the rapid development of consular relations. +In terms of strengthening law enforcement capacity in African countries, since 2018 China has trained over 2,000 African law enforcement officers and provided police supplies. +It has dispatched peacekeeping police to African mission areas under the aegis of the UN, and collaborated in dealing with criminal cases, intelligence exchanges, experience-sharing and joint operations under the framework of Interpol. +III. +Strengthening Mutual Support +Friendly relations between the PRC and Africa have endured through more than half a century and withstood the test of time. +The two sides have always stood firmly together at critical junctures and on major issues. +African countries have provided important support for China’s endeavors to safeguard its sovereignty, security and development interests, promote reunification, and achieve national rejuvenation through development. +China has firmly supported African countries in realizing national independence, following development paths that fit their national conditions, promoting regional integration, and strengthening themselves through unity. +China and Africa have joined forces in confronting the grave challenge posed by Covid-19, further reinforcing their friendship. +The solidarity between the Chinese and African peoples enables them to overcome difficulties and obstacles and build a bright future. +1. Upholding International Equity and Justice +China and Africa are important partners in advancing the reform of the global governance system and the reshaping of the international order. +Fifty years ago, at its 26th Session, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758 by an overwhelming majority, restoring the lawful seat of the PRC in the United Nations. +Since then, China has played a role of growing importance on the international stage. +Among the 76 votes in favor of the resolution, 26 were cast by African countries, while 11 of the 23 sponsors of the draft resolution were from Africa. +In the current complex and volatile international situation, China and Africa are jointly advancing multilateralism. +They unequivocally oppose protectionism and unilateralism, support each other on issues involving the core interests and major concerns of either side, and safeguard the common interests of developing countries. +The theory and practice of China-Africa cooperation provide examples for developing countries in handling international affairs, and important references to the reform of the global governance system. +– Practicing true multilateralism. +Holding high the banner of multilateralism, China and Africa steadfastly support the international system with the United Nations at the core, the international order underpinned by international law, and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. +The two sides earnestly maintain international fairness and justice and push the international order in a fairer and more reasonable direction. +They reject unilateralism and protectionism, and safeguard an open world economy and the multilateral trade system. +China and Africa firmly support an increase in the representation and say of developing countries in the international governance system, especially African countries. +When casting its vote in the United Nations, China always stands for developing countries. +– Jointly safeguarding legitimate rights. +China and Africa understand and support each other on major issues such as those related to their sovereignty, territorial integrity, national dignity, and development interests. +All African countries with diplomatic ties with China strictly abide by the one-China principle and firmly support China’s reunification. +China steadfastly supports African countries in safeguarding sovereignty and independence, calls on the international community to assist African countries in safeguarding their right to subsistence and development, objects to any form of racism and racial discrimination, and actively pushes for the lifting of unreasonable unilateral sanctions against African countries. +Within the Security Council, China and three African members have established a “1 + 3” consultation mechanism to exchange views on and coordinate responses to major international and regional issues. +Since 2017 while holding the rotating presidency of the UN Security Council, China has initiated open debates on “Enhancing African Capacities in Peace and Security”, “Peace and Security in Africa: Strengthening Peacekeeping Operations in Africa”, “Peace and Security in Africa: Countering Terrorism and Extremism in Africa”, and “Peace and Security in Africa: Addressing Root Causes of Conflict in Post-pandemic Recovery in Africa”. +These have pushed the international community to strengthen unity and cooperation and provide stronger support for Africa’s lasting peace. +China and Africa have both proposed that the rights to subsistence and development are seen as the primary and basic human rights, that equal importance is attached to all human rights, that exchanges and cooperation on human rights are carried out on the basis of equality and mutual respect, and that individual countries’ right in choosing their development paths is respected. +They both oppose politicization of human right issues and double standards, and object to interference in other countries’ internal affairs under the pretext of championing human rights. +In response to Western anti-China forces’ mudslinging and false accusations on China in regard to Xinjiang- and Hong Kong-related issues, African countries, alongside other developing countries, have voiced their collective or individual support for China’s position, at the UN Human Rights Council and the General Assembly’s Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs Committee, commonly referred to as the “Third Committee.” +African countries agree with China’s human rights principles, and support the resolution on the contribution of development to the enjoyment of all human rights and the resolution on promoting win-win cooperation in the field of human rights proposed by China at the Human Rights Council. +China calls on the international community to press forward with reform of global economic governance and offer concrete support for Africa’s development. +During the G20 Hangzhou Summit, at the initiation of China, a G20 Initiative in Support of Industrialization of Africa and Other Least Developed Countries was issued. +In 2015, China announced the establishment of a China-UN Peace and Development Fund. +Between 2016 and 2020, its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Sub-Fund sponsored 34 projects in fields such as poverty alleviation, health, energy access, technology innovation, and infrastructure, with African countries being the major beneficiaries. +In May 2021, China and Africa launched the Initiative on Partnership for Africa’s Development together. +The two sides share the view that supporting the development of Africa is the consensus and shared responsibility of the international community. +China calls on international partners to increase support to Africa in such areas as response to Covid-19 and other pandemics and post-Covid reconstruction, and to pool resources in those areas where Africa’s most urgent needs lie, with a view to providing greater impetus to Africa’s development. +2. Jointly Combating Covid-19 +Confronted by Covid-19, China and Africa have withstood a severe challenge, helping each other and fighting side by side to defeat the pandemic through solidarity and cooperation. +In June 2020, the Extraordinary China-Africa Summit on Solidarity against Covid-19 was held via video link, making China the first country in the world to convene an anti-pandemic summit with Africa. +It has provided a guide for international anti-pandemic cooperation with Africa, and injected new impetus into global anti-pandemic cooperation. +At the summit, President Xi elaborated on important policies on advancing China-Africa cooperation and strengthening international cooperation amid the pandemic. +He called for the accelerated implementation of the outcomes of the FOCAC Beijing Summit, with greater priority to be given to cooperation in the areas of public health, economic reopening, and people’s livelihoods. +He also announced a series of measures regarding anti-pandemic assistance to Africa, debt relief, debt service suspension, and economic reopening, which have been highly praised and widely welcomed in Africa. +Participating leaders issued the Joint Statement of the Extraordinary China-Africa Summit on Solidarity against Covid-19, agreeing to join forces in resolutely fighting the pandemic, pressing for cooperation, practicing multilateralism, and enhancing friendship. +Since the summit the two sides have closely worked together on pandemic prevention and control, resuming economic activity, and restoring and progressing China-Africa cooperation. +During the toughest times in China’s fight against the epidemic, African countries and regional organizations such as the AU rendered strong support and assistance to China through various means. +In February 2020, the Executive Council of the AU issued a communiqué in support of China’s anti-epidemic efforts – the first time an important regional organization and an entire continent had offered China such support. +Those expressing their support and sympathy also included the heads of state of 48 African countries, heads of government of 11 countries, 12 speakers of legislative bodies, and the chairperson of the AU Commission, who all sent letters or telegrams. +The governments of 10 countries issued statements; foreign ministers of 18 countries sent letters; and participants of an AU Peace and Security Council meeting, an emergency meeting of African health ministers and other meetings of major regional organizations also expressed sympathy. +Though few African countries are wealthy, they still actively donated money and supplies to China, and some African students studying in China also joined the local fight against the epidemic. +After Covid-19 struck Africa, China immediately offered humanitarian assistance, the largest such program in scale and the most difficult to implement since the founding of the PRC. +Since 2020, in coordination with local governments, enterprises and social organizations, the Central Government of China has provided emergency anti-pandemic supplies – including 120 batches of nucleic test reagents, protective gear, masks, eye protectors and ventilators – to 53 African countries and the AU based on their respective needs, with these emergency supplies reaching almost all areas across the continent. +China has also actively shared its anti-epidemic experience with African countries, and dispatched anti-epidemic medical expert groups or short-term anti-epidemic medical teams to 17 African countries to fight the epidemic alongside local people. +It also pushed for the earlier start of the construction of the headquarters of the Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), a project assisted by China. +China actively honors its commitment to make vaccines a global public good. +At the time when Chinese vaccines had just reached the market and domestic supply was tight, China began to supply vaccines to Africa in support of its battle against the pandemic. +By November 12, 2021, China had provided over 1.7 billon doses of Covid-19 vaccine to more than 110 countries and organizations, including 50 African countries and the AU Commission, and is striving to provide a total of 2 billion doses by the end of 2021. +In addition to donating $100 million to COVAX, China will donate 100 million doses of vaccine to developing countries including those in Africa. +Chinese firms are actively engaging in joint vaccine production in Africa with local firms, helping countries, in accordance with their wishes, to realize localized vaccine production. +To date they have started localized production in Egypt, and signed cooperative agreements with Morocco and Algeria. +To help African countries cope with the pandemic and overcome temporary difficulties, China supports the effort to reduce the debt burden on African countries, and is actively implementing the G20’s Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI). +Among G20 members, China ranks first in terms of the amount of deferred debt, having signed debt service suspension agreements or reached consensus with 19 African countries. +China supports extending the DSSI till the end of 2021, and is working with relevant members to implement the Common Framework for Debt Treatments beyond the Debt Service Suspension Initiative. +For countries experiencing a very serious epidemic situation and under particularly severe pressure, China, together with other stakeholders, will provide support on a case-by-case basis. +3. Winning the Battle against Ebola Together +In 2014, Ebola broke out in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. +At a time when African people were in difficulties, China offered a helping hand, setting an example for the international community. +China was the first to aid Guinea and Sierra Leone, and was the only country to provide laboratories to the epidemic-hit areas in West Africa and set up observation and treatment centers there. +China provided rapid, practical and comprehensive anti-Ebola assistance to a total value of RMB750 million, and dispatched nine chartered planes to transport supplies and personnel. +It sent more than 1,200 clinical and public health experts to Africa to combat Ebola alongside local medical workers. +Chinese medical workers trained some 13,000 local medical workers. +China also helped Ebola-stricken countries to build laboratories and treatment centers. +Those assistance programs constituted the largest at the time among China’s overseas assistance programs in response to public crises in terms of duration, coverage, scale and intensity. +Chinese diplomats, medical teams, peacekeepers, and corporate employees chose to stay in Africa rather than evacuate. +They managed to overcome their own fear of the epidemic, and thereby gave confidence to local people as well. +Chinese and Africans confronted the disaster with sincere friendship, sharing weal and woe. +In 2018, when Ebola broke out again in the DRC, China provided timely emergency humanitarian aid including supplies, money, experts, medicine and training to the country and its neighboring countries including Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda, as well as the AU, helping them to promptly contain the epidemic. +4. Jointly Coping with Natural Disasters +China has always attached importance to disaster relief in Africa, helping it to respond to various natural disasters and humanitarian crises, and providing emergency humanitarian assistance through multilateral organizations such as the UN, the World Food Programme, and the International Committee of the Red Cross. +Chinese people will not forget that in 2008 when China was struck by a devastating earthquake, Equatorial Guinea, a country with only 2 million people, donated 2 million euros, averaging 1 euro per person. +The Republic of the Congo donated $1 million after the Wenchuan earthquake, and $2 million for building a primary school after the Yushu earthquake. +In return, China has carried out programs in fields such as food, water supply, women and children’s health, and education in 40-plus disaster-stricken African countries, benefiting more than 10 million people, and strongly boosting their economic recovery and social development. +In 2019, cyclone Idai swept across Southeast Africa. +China provided emergency humanitarian supplies to Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi, and dispatched an international rescue team of 65 members to the severely-stricken Mozambique, treating more than 3,000 locals. +At the end of 2019, locusts plagued the Horn of Africa, threatening the livelihoods of more than 30 million people. +In early 2020, though hit by Covid-19, China still provided locust-eradication emergency supplies and aid to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda, and allocated funds from the China-FAO South-South Cooperation Trust Fund to assist the three countries to buy prevention and control supplies and carry on capacity building activities. +IV. +Breaking New Ground in China-Africa Relations +Currently, the global governance system and the international order are changing at an accelerating rate, and the international balance of power is undergoing a profound adjustment. +Covid-19 further shows that the fates of all countries in the world are interconnected. +Standing at a historical crossroads, China and Africa need to further consolidate their partnership, and build a China-Africa community of shared future in the new era. +The two sides will steadfastly reinforce their traditional friendship, promote mutually beneficial cooperation, and safeguard common interests. +They will continue to set the pace of cooperation through FOCAC, support the Belt and Road Initiative, bring the China-Africa comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership to a higher level, and deliver a brighter future together. +1. Boosting Cooperation Through FOCAC +At the initiative of both China and African countries, FOCAC was inaugurated at its first Ministerial Conference in Beijing in October 2000, with the goals of responding to the challenges emerging from economic globalization, and seeking common development. +Over the past two decades, FOCAC has become an important platform for collective dialogue between China and Africa and an effective mechanism for pragmatic cooperation. +It has turned into a pacesetter for international cooperation with Africa in the new era. +FOCAC now has 55 members comprising China, the 53 African countries that have diplomatic relations with China, and the AU Commission. +The FOCAC Ministerial Conference is held once every three years, rotating between China and African countries and co-chaired by China and an African hosting country, with the co-chairs also taking the lead in implementing conference outcomes. +Based on mutual agreements, some of the ministerial conferences have been upgraded into summits. +To date three summits (the Beijing Summit in November 2006, the Johannesburg Summit in December 2015, and the Beijing Summit in September 2018) and seven ministerial conferences have been convened. +These have yielded rich fruits, releasing a series of important documents to guide cooperation, and promoting the implementation of a series of major measures to facilitate development in Africa and solidify China-Africa friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation. +At the end of November 2021, FOCAC will meet in African co-chair country Senegal. +The meeting will evaluate the implementation of the outcomes of the 2018 Beijing Summit, and make plans for friendly cooperation in the next phase. +This will be an important diplomatic event for China and Africa to discuss cooperation plans and promote common development, and will be of great importance in promoting post-pandemic economic recovery and development in Africa, China and the world at large. +China will work closely with Africa to align China’s Second Centenary Goal of building a great modern socialist country by the middle of the century with the AU’s Agenda 2063. +Together the two sides will plan and discuss the outcomes to be adopted at this FOCAC meeting regarding such key areas as health, investment and trade, industrialization, agricultural modernization, climate change responses and digital economy, and both will make every effort to produce a meeting that will build new consensus, explore new fields of cooperation, and be of benefit to both the Chinese and African peoples. +2. Promoting Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative +As part of the history of the Belt and Road, Africa is a natural partner of the initiative. +In the past, the Maritime Silk Road brought Chinese tea, porcelain and development experience to Africa, promoting friendship and mutual learning, and it was thus recorded in history as a road of friendship. +Since its inception, the new initiative has earned active support and participation from African countries. +The cooperation between China and Africa under the initiative has a bright future. +The Belt and Road Initiative is not a “solo”, but an “orchestra” in which the participation of both China and African countries is essential. +In December 2015, South Africa became the first African country to sign an agreement on cooperation with China under the Belt and Road Initiative. +Leaders of Kenya, Ethiopia, Egypt, Djibouti and Mozambique participated in the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in 2017 and 2019, contributing to the initiative’s cooperative mechanism. +At the 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit, China and Africa agreed to strengthen China-Africa cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative. +To date, almost all African countries with diplomatic ties with China have already signed agreements on cooperation under the initiative. +China and the AU Commission signed the Cooperation Plan on Jointly Promoting the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road between the Government of the PRC and the African Union, the first agreement of its kind signed between China and a regional organization. +In recent years, connectivity between China and Africa under the Belt and Road Initiative has also expanded at a faster pace. +A number of transport infrastructure projects have been completed and opened to traffic, including the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway, the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway in Kenya, No. 1 National Highway of the Republic of the Congo, the Thies-Touba highway in Senegal, the Port Gentil-Omboue coastal road and the Booué Bridge in Gabon, and the first and second phases of the Nigeria Railway Modernization Project. +Projects such as the Doraleh Multi-Purpose Port in Djibouti and the Lome Container Terminal in Togo have been successful in increasing entrepot trade. +These projects have played an important role in boosting regional connectivity and integration. +To date China has signed civil aviation transport agreements with 21 African countries, bilateral airworthiness agreements with 12 African countries, and bilateral intergovernmental marine shipping agreements with eight African countries. +Currently, both China and Africa have entered a new development stage. +China is promoting a new development paradigm with domestic economy and international engagement providing mutual reinforcement, and the former as the mainstay. +China’s development will create more opportunities for Africa’s development. +With the official launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area, Africa’s economic integration is accelerating, providing more room for growth in China-Africa cooperation. +The two sides will focus on boosting quality development and further align the goals of the Belt and Road Initiative with those of the AU’s Agenda 2063, the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the development strategies of individual African countries. +They will build the Belt and Road into a road to peace, prosperity, openness, green development, innovation and cultural exchanges, and create a China-Africa community of shared future in the new era. +3. Raising China-Africa Relations to a New Level +The key to the vitality of China-Africa relations is keeping abreast of the times and developing and innovating relationships. +For more than half a century, at every critical juncture, the two sides have employed far-sighted vision and always succeeded in finding new common ground and growth drivers. +At this new historical starting point, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and Xi Jinping Thought on Foreign Affairs, China will adhere to the principles of sincerity, affinity, good faith and practical results, uphold the values of shared interests and the greater good, and work together with African countries to advance high-quality cooperation and build a China-Africa community of shared future. +– Laying a solid foundation for friendship and raising mutual political trust to a new level. +China and Africa will maintain the momentum of high-level exchanges, expand friendly cooperation between political parties, legislative bodies, political advisory bodies, and local governments of the two sides. +They will share governance ideas and development experience, and reinforce strategic communication and mutual trust. +They will give full play to the positive role of think tanks, media, institutions of higher learning and non-governmental organizations, create a new model of multi-dimensional, multi-level and all-round cultural exchanges, strengthen people-to-people connectivity, and reinforce the traditional unbreakable China-Africa friendship. +– Combating Covid-19 and building a China-Africa community of health for all. +China will continue to provide anti-pandemic assistance to African countries, share its experience in coordinating routine epidemic prevention and control with social and economic development, and speed up cooperation with Africa on vaccines. +China-Africa health cooperation is not a short-term measure, but a long-term and far-sighted strategy. +It focuses on assisting Africa to improve its public health system and its capacity for controlling and preventing major communicable diseases, so as to promote a China-Africa community of health for all in the new era. +– Boosting common development and nurturing new drivers for expanding mutually beneficial cooperation. +As China and Africa enter their new stages of development, the advantages of their complementarity have become more obvious and their mutually beneficial cooperation is marked by higher quality, greater impact, and brighter prospects. +The two sides will actively support their respective businesses to tap cooperation potential, nurture new growth drivers such as e-commerce, 5G network and green economy, and expand cooperation in future-oriented key fields. +They will support the Global Development Initiative and a global community of shared development, so as to achieve high-quality and sustainable common development to the benefit of the Chinese and African peoples. +– Promoting closer international cooperation to establish a fairer and more equitable international order. +China and Africa are important forces in safeguarding the common interests of developing countries and in promoting world peace and development. +The two sides will further strengthen strategic communication and coordination on international affairs, and firmly safeguard the democratization of international relations. +They will make concerted efforts to tackle common challenges facing humanity by fighting epidemics, alleviating poverty, combating terrorism, and dealing with climate change. +They will work together to uphold true multilateralism, the common interests of developing countries, the international system with the United Nations at the core, the international order underpinned by international law, and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. +Conclusion +China has eliminated the historical problem of absolute poverty, and achieved moderate prosperity in all respects. +It has embarked on a new journey toward building China into a modern socialist country by the time the PRC celebrates its centenary in 2049. +Africa is experiencing a flowing tide of solidarity and self-strengthening, and the continent’s influence in international affairs continues to grow. +It is now forging ahead with the development of free trade zones, accelerating industrialization and modernization, and heading towards the bright future envisioned in the AU’s Agenda 2063. +The world is going through profound change of a scale unseen in a century. +In the face of new opportunities and challenges, China and Africa will further strengthen solidarity and cooperation. +China will continue its steadfast support for African countries in pursuing the development paths fitting their respective national conditions, promoting Africa integration, and safeguarding their sovereignty, security and development interests. +China will work together with African countries to promote the Belt and Road Initiative, build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, and bring more gains to the Chinese and African peoples, thus making a greater contribution to lasting world peace and prosperity, and to a global community of shared future. diff --git a/utils/en_raw/001 b/utils/en_raw/001 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e155e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/en_raw/001 @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +Biodiversity Conservation in China + +The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China + +October 2021 + +Contents + +Preface + + I. Harmony Between Humanity and Nature + + II. Increasing the Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation + + III. Improving Biodiversity Governance + + IV. Further Global Cooperation on Biodiversity Conservation + + Conclusion + +Preface + +Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species (plants, animals and microorganisms) in their natural environments and the aggregate of the related ecological processes. It is measured on three levels: genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is the basis for human survival and development and has a direct bearing on our wellbeing. Humans must respect nature and follow its ways. We must conserve biodiversity to protect nature and live in harmony with it. + +In 1972, at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the attending nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which included the conservation of bio-resources in its 26 principles. In 1993, the Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect, which set three objectives – the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, ushering in a new era for the protection of global biodiversity. + +China’s land and sea territories are both vast; its complex terrain and diverse climate gave birth to unique ecosystems, abundant species, and rich genetic variety. As one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, China has a profound understanding of biodiversity, as manifest in traditional Chinese culture and these aphorisms: “Man is an integral part of nature”; “Dao follows the laws of nature”; and “All beings are equal”. China, as one of the first countries to sign and approve the Convention on Biological Diversity, has always attached great importance to biodiversity conservation and preserves biodiversity with creative and up-to-date measures, achieving substantial progress on a distinctively Chinese path of conservation. + +Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, China has been prioritizing eco-environmental progress and pursuing green development under the guidance of Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization. A new pattern of biodiversity conservation has largely taken shape, with improvements to the legal system, supervision mechanisms and governing capacity for eco-conservation, marking the beginning of a new era for biodiversity conservation in China. Currently, as species worldwide are becoming extinct at an alarming rate, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation pose a major risk to human survival and development. On September 30, 2020, at the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity, Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out that the whole of humanity needs to take on its pressing responsibilities, find a way for human and nature to coexist in harmony, and build synergy for and enhance global governance on the environment. Guided by the vision of building a global community of shared future, China will continue to contribute its part to global environmental governance. + +The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to present China’s ideas, plans and actions on biodiversity conservation, and share its progress with the international community. + +I. Harmony Between Humanity and Nature + +To realize the Beautiful China initiative under a new situation, China is improving the measures for biodiversity conservation and creating new frameworks for this purpose. In its pursuit of harmony between humanity and nature, between individuals, and between the individual and society, China endeavors to create a virtuous circle for all-round development and prolonged prosperity for all. + +In addressing biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, China upholds the philosophy of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, prioritizing biodiversity conservation and seeking green development. It has established conservation mechanisms led by the government and featuring multilateral governance and win-win cooperation, in which all citizens participate. This way, China keeps making progress and contributing to efforts in global biodiversity conservation. + +– Respecting nature and prioritizing biodiversity conservation. China follows the principles of respecting and protecting nature and obeying nature’s laws, and prioritizes biodiversity conservation in social development. Given its eco-environment and natural resources, China has balanced its natural and artificial measures for the conservation and restoration of important ecosystems, species and genetic resources, to ensure ecological security and biological security. + +– Seeking green development and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. China cherishes the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and sees biodiversity as the foundation, objective and means of sustainable development. It has endeavored to promote the efficient and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, to allow nature to restore itself. It promotes green ways of life and work, and seeks development opportunities while preserving nature, to achieve win-win results in both biodiversity conservation and high-quality development. + +– Enhancing institutional guarantee and coordinating actions for biodiversity conservation. China has strengthened biodiversity conservation as a national strategy through long-range planning and top-level design, specifying the primary responsibilities at all levels, and improving long-term conservation mechanisms led by the government and facilitated by enterprises with public participation. The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has taken on a stronger coordinating role. Constant efforts have been made to improve laws, regulations and policies concerning biodiversity conservation, sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits. All the above efforts are aimed at building a new model for biodiversity conservation and governance. + +– Upholding multilateralism and win-win cooperation. Living in harmony with nature through greater efforts on biodiversity conservation becomes an important topic for international exchanges and dialogue. China firmly supports a multilateral biodiversity governance system, fulfills its obligations prescribed in the Convention on Biological Diversity and other environmental treaties, and takes on international responsibilities commensurate to its development stage. China has been providing assistance within its ability to other developing countries, and strengthening exchanges and cooperation on biodiversity to jointly meet global challenges. It endeavors to play a greater role in realizing the vision of harmony between humanity and nature. + +II. Increasing the Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation + +China advances biodiversity conservation and development in parallel. It has proposed and implemented measures such as building the national parks system and setting ecological conservation red lines (ECRLs), strengthened in-situ and ex-situ conservation, reinforced biological security management, improved the eco-environment, and coordinated the conservation of biodiversity with green development, thereby making significant gains in protecting biodiversity. + +1. Optimizing In-situ Conservation + +China is setting up protected areas (PAs) and opening national parks on a trial basis, to create a PA framework with a focus on national parks. It was the first in the world to propose and implement the red line strategy for ecological conservation, and has designated priority areas in biodiversity conservation. These measures have contributed to the conservation of key natural ecosystems, biological resources, and habitats for key species. + +Developing a PA system with a focus on national parks. Since 1956 when the first nature reserve was set up, China has established close to 10,000 PAs of all types and at all levels, accounting for about 18 percent of its total land area. In recent years, it has built a PA system with national parks as the mainstay, supported by nature reserves and supplemented by nature parks, laying the foundation for protecting natural habitats, improving the eco-environment, and protecting ecological security in the country. Since 2015, it has launched on a trial basis 10 national parks, including one at Sanjiangyuan, the cradle of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers. The relevant PAs have been integrated into these national parks under unified management, comprehensive protection and systematic restoration. + +The well-planned PA system has brought 90 percent of terrestrial ecosystem types and 71 percent of key state-protected wildlife species under effective protection. The habitats for wild animals have been expanding and their populations are growing. The population of giant pandas in the wild has grown from 1,114 to 1,864 over the past four decades. The crested ibis population has increased from only 7 to over 5,000, with both wild species and artificial breeds counted. The Asian elephant population in the wild has grown from 180 in the 1980s to about 300 at present. The wild population of Hainan Gibbon has increased from no more than 10 in two groups 40 years ago to 35 in 5 groups. + + + +Setting and applying red lines for ecological conservation. Setting ECRLs is an important institutional innovation in China’s land use planning and eco-environmental reform. China employs this innovative model to bring essential ecological functional areas for biodiversity conservation and the most ecologically fragile regions under the ECRLs and apply stringent conservation measures to them. The areas initially defined under the initiative are mainly distributed across China’s ecological security barriers and areas such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tianshan Mountains, Inner Mongolian Plateau, Greater and Lesser Xing’an Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Yellow River Basin, Yangtze River Basin, and coastal zones. At present, they cover various important ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, deserts, wetlands, mangrove forests, coral reefs and sea grass beds across key regions of biodiversity all over the country, bringing most rare and endangered species and their habitats under protection. + +China’s proposal – Drawing a “Red Line” for Ecological Protection to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change – has been selected by the UN as one of the 15 best Nature-based Solutions around the globe. Drawing ECRLs and biodiversity protection are strategies for the same goals in the same areas. Setting red lines will effectively improve the function of ecosystems and maintain the basic ecological space necessary for national ecological security and sustainable economic and social development. + +Designating priority areas for biodiversity protection. China is connecting the current PAs across different administrative regions. Giving full consideration to key biogeographical components and different types of ecosystems, it has designated 35 priority areas for biodiversity protection. Among these, 32 terrestrial priority areas cover a total of 2.76 million sq km and make up about 28.8 percent of the total land area. They are valuable in effectively protecting key ecosystems, species and their habitats. + +2. Improving Ex-situ Conservation + +China continues to step up ex-situ conservation, and launches systematic campaigns to save endangered species. More biological genetic resources are collected and better preserved, and the ex-situ conservation system is improving as an effective complement to in-situ conservation, helping to protect and restore many species of endangered wildlife. + +Gradually improving the ex-situ conservation system. China has set up a relatively complete ex-situ conservation system including botanical gardens, wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers, germplasm resource centers, and gene banks. To date, China has built a total of about 200 botanical gardens and arboretums exhibiting 23,000 species of plants, and 250 wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers where over 60 types of rare and endangered wild animal are successfully bred. + + + +Accelerating the collection, preservation and use of key genetic resources. China attaches great importance to protecting biological resources, and has made considerable progress in the research on biological resources and their collection and preservation in recent years. To steadily increase protection and use of wildlife resources, China has rolled out special plans for strategic biological resources, which have helped to improve bio-resource collection and preservation platforms, and create platforms for germplasm resource innovation and natural compound transformation as well as libraries for derivatives of genetic resources. It has launched a batch of projects for germplasm resource protection and breeding. By the end of 2020, China had put in place a national crop genetics protection system with the national long-term germplasm banks and their duplicates as the core, supported by 10 medium-term banks and 43 germplasm fields. It had built 199 state-level livestock and poultry germplasm resource preservation fields (areas, storehouses), preparing state-level sites for the conservation of germplasms of over 90 percent of breeds under the National Catalogue of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources. There are over 520,000 copies of crop germplasm resources and 960,000 copies of livestock and poultry genetic resources in long-term storage. China has established 99 state-level germplasm resource banks for trees, and two state-level germplasm resource sub-centers for trees and grass in Xinjiang and Shandong, preserving 47,000 copies of germplasm resources for trees. It has also built 31 germplasm preservation fields and two germplasm resource centers for medicinal plants, preserving over 12,000 copies of seeds and seedlings. + + + +Launching well-planned campaigns to save endangered species. China has launched campaigns to rescue rare and endangered wildlife, expand their population through artificial breeding, and reintroduce them to natural habitats in a phased manner. The captive population of breeding pandas has grown in numbers and quality. They have been downgraded from “endangered” to “vulnerable” on the list of species at risk of extinction, and some have been released into natural habitats to integrate into the wild population. Elks, once nowhere to be found in the wild, have grown to 8,000 in number thanks to the three conservation bases in Nanhaizi of Beijing, Dafeng of Jiangsu, and Shishou of Hubei. Emergency measures have also been taken to save and protect 120 plant species with extremely small populations such as the Cycas debaoensis, Manglietiastrum sinicum and Abies beshanzuensis, and to restore to their natural habitats 112 species of rare and endangered wild plants native to China. + +3. Improving Biosecurity Governance + +China attaches great importance to biosecurity, and has included it in the national security system. The Biosecurity Law was promulgated and came into force in 2021. There is systematic planning for biosecurity risk control and governance. Efforts have been made to improve the mechanism for preventing the invasion of alien species, promote the sound development of biotechnologies, and strengthen the protection, supervision and regulation of biogenetic resources. The aim is to constantly improve national biosecurity governance. + +Preventing the invasion of alien species. China has made greater efforts to guard against and respond to the invasion of alien species. It has improved the collective response to invasive alien species by putting in place inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms. China issued the List of Invasive Alien Species in China in four groups in 2003, 2010, 2014 and 2016 respectively, and the List of Key Invasive Alien Species under State Supervision in 2012, covering a total of 83 invasive species detected in the country. China has brought invasive alien species under survey, monitoring, early warning, control and extermination. Stronger port quarantine measures have helped to prevent the entry of invasive alien species and reduce the risk of wildlife epidemics. + +Improving safety administration of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). China has tightened the regulation of biotechnologies and bio-products, and promoted the sound and orderly development of biotechnologies. A succession of laws and regulations have been promulgated, including Regulations on the Safety Administration of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (2001), Measures for the Safety Assessment and Administration of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (2002), Measures for the Safety Administration of Biotechnology Research and Development (2017), and Measures for the Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of Inbound and Outbound Genetically Modified Products (2004). Safety testing and assessment of GMOs has been conducted to prevent any potential negative impact on biodiversity conservation and on the sustainable utilization of bio-resources resulting from the release of GMOs into the environment. With the issuance of over 200 technical norms on the safety testing, assessment, supervision and regulation of GMOs, a national system of GMO safety administration is being completed in steps. + +Strengthening the supervision of biogenetic resources. China has tightened management and oversight on the conservation, acquisition, utilization and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources. China has conducted surveys on essential biogenetic resources and conservation performance evaluations, to identify the scale, distribution, conservation and utilization of these resources. + +• China organized the fourth national survey on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) resources in 2018, and pinpointed the genetic affiliation and distribution of over 13,000 varieties, including 3,150 varieties unique to China. + +• China is conducting the third national survey on and collection of crop germplasm resources (2021-2023), with a total of 92,000 samples having been collected, more than 90 percent of which are newly identified varieties. + +• China is conducting the third national survey on livestock and poultry genetic resources (2021-2023), and has completed the preliminary identification of 8 new species. + +• China launched the first national survey on forest and grass germplasm resources in 2019, and has completed a pilot survey in the nature reserves along the Qinling Mountains. + +In the past decade, China has identified about 200 new varieties of plants per annum, accounting for 10 percent of the global figure. China is accelerating legislation on accessing and sharing the benefits of biogenetic resources, strengthening their conservation, supervision and regulation, and preventing their loss or chaotic utilization. + +4. Improving the Eco-environment + +Improving and stabilizing ecosystems plays a fundamental and strategic role in ensuring national ecological security. China has therefore intensified efforts in eco-environmental conservation and restoration, and launched a series of projects for the integrated conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, deserts, glaciers and snow mountains. As a result, ecological deterioration has been contained, and ecosystems are generally stable, with a greater capacity to serve development. China has been fighting a tough battle against pollution; currently, the pressure on biodiversity conservation is greatly eased, the eco-environment keeps improving, and a framework of shields for ecological security has been largely completed. + +Implementing eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects. To restore degraded ecosystems, and improve and stabilize them, China has carried out multiple conservation and restoration projects, which have succeeded in improving and restoring wildlife habitats in key regions. + +• China has implemented key ecosystem-related projects including conservation and restoration of natural forests, sandstorm source control in Beijing and Tianjin, stony desertification control, the Three-North (i.e., Northeast China, North China and Northwest China) Shelterbelt Forest Program and other key forest programs, programs turning marginal farmland into forests and grasslands, programs returning grazing lands to grasslands, conservation and restoration of lakes, rivers and inland wetlands, and conservation and restoration of mangrove forests and coastal wetlands. + +• China has launched 25 pilot projects and 10 integrated projects for the conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and deserts. + +• China has enacted the Master Plan on Major Projects for the Conservation and Restoration of National Key Ecosystems (2021-2035), specifying an overall conservation configuration for the new era composed of Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts – Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Eco-zone, Yellow River Eco-zone, Yangtze River Eco-zone, Northeast Shelterbelt, North Shelterbelt, South Shelterbelt, and Coastal Shelterbelt. + +Through the above actions, China has achieved the following: + +• China’s forest coverage and forest reserve have both maintained growth for the last 30 years, and China has realized the largest growth in forest resources among all countries in the world. + +• China’s desertification coverage and sandy desertification coverage have both decreased in three successive monitoring periods. Its steppe vegetation coverage rate has reached 56.1 percent and the steppe ecosystems have continued to improve. + +• Between 2016 and 2020, China restored 1,200 km of coastline and 23,000 ha of coastal wetlands. + +• Between 2000 and 2017, China contributed about 25 percent of global vegetation growth, the biggest share among all countries. + +Tightening pollution control. Good environmental quality is both the foundation and goal of biodiversity conservation. China has announced a battle against pollution to improve air, water and soil quality. Through an increasing effort to combat pollution, China has achieved the following: + +• In 2020, China’s average concentration of ambient particulate matters (PM2.5) was 33 µg/m3, down by 28.3 percent from 2015, and the percentage of days with good air quality rose by 5.8 percentage points from 2015. + +• In 2020, the combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water reaching Grades I, II and III was 83.4 percent, up by 17.4 percentage points from 2015; and that of water sections with bad quality surface water below Grade V was 0.6 percent, down by 9.1 percentage points from 2015. + +• In 2020, the combined proportion of good quality offshore waters reaching Grades I and II was 77.4 percent in terms of area, up by 9 percentage points from 2015. + +• In 2020, the safe utilization rate of contaminated arable land and that of contaminated land both exceeded 90 percent. + +A better eco-environment has provided better wildlife habitats, which has helped restore the functions of varied ecosystems and greatly eased the pressure from biodiversity loss. + +5. Promoting Green Development with Coordinated Efforts + +China endeavors to advance social and economic development within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. Measures have been taken to transform the economic growth model, encourage green and low-carbon ways of life, and coordinate efforts in biodiversity conservation and high-quality development. + +Accelerating the green transformation of all sectors and industries. Upholding the new development philosophy, China pursues green development with the priority given to eco-environmental conservation. Efforts have been made to promote the green transformation of all sectors and industries in social and economic development, to balance economic development with eco-environmental protection, and to reduce the pressure on biodiversity. + +China is moving faster in building an economic structure that facilitates green, low-carbon and circular development, aiming to improve industrial structure, raise the efficiency of resource utilization, promote cleaner production, increase the proportion of green industries, and accelerate the green transformation and upgrading of primary, secondary and tertiary industries and their infrastructure. + +China encourages eco-friendly planting and breeding industries and sustainable operations. It has formulated guidelines on sustainable production for better conservation of bio-resources. It has improved the certification of green products such as green food, organic farm produce, forest products with ecolabels, and sustainable aquaculture products. China is leveraging innovative technology in protecting biodiversity, and sustainably utilizing bio-resources in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry. + +China has put in place systems for the utilization and administration of key wildlife resources, such as hunting licenses, collecting permits, and domesticating and breeding certificates, and encourages conservation and sustainable utilization of premier bio-resources. + +Promoting green urban and rural development. China is coordinating its efforts in biodiversity conservation and rural revitalization, with the former as a precondition. It has endeavored to explore competitive resources, develop eco-friendly industries, promote green and high-quality development in both urban and rural areas, and build a beautiful homeland featuring harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature. + +China takes into full account eco-environmental factors in the process of rural revitalization. With an aim to promote rural progress and improve farmers’ living standards, it has redoubled efforts in preserving bio-resources, as a means of facilitating sustainable development. + +China is building national demonstration zones for eco-environmental progress, national model cities for environmental protection, national eco-park cities, and national park cities. The aim is to strengthen biodiversity conservation in urban areas, optimize the urban ecological spatial configuration, improve urban ecosystems, and enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security from the eco-environment. + +China has been encouraging green and low-carbon ways of life, such as green consumption, green travel and green housing, to reduce the consumption of natural resources. + +Realizing the market value of green products. Practicing the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, China has worked to realize and increase the market value of green products, and seek new growth engines for high-quality development. + +China has established a sound mechanism for realizing the market value of green products, and is working on a policy framework for turning “lucid waters and lush mountains” into “invaluable assets”. + +China has piloted mechanisms for the marketing of green products in the Yangtze River Basin and Sanjiangyuan National Park, and established bases for turning natural resources into economic gains. Efforts have been made to devise marketing strategies for green products, which are overseen by the government, adapted to commercialized operation, and support sustainable development, and in which enterprises and all sectors of society participate. The aim is to turn eco-environmental strengths into growth drivers for quality development and motivate the public to preserve biodiversity. + + + +III. Improving Biodiversity Governance + +Biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China, and incorporated into mid- and long-term plans of all regions and fields. There has been a drive to improve the legal and policy framework, strengthen technical support and the training of high-caliber personnel, expand oversight on law enforcement, and encourage public participation in conserving biodiversity, thus improving biodiversity governance. + +1. Improving Relevant Policies, Laws and Regulations + +China is making constant efforts to establish and improve policies, laws and regulations on biodiversity conservation, and has drafted mid- and long-term programs and action plans to provide institutional guarantees for biodiversity conservation and management. + +Strengthening organization and leadership. The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has been established to coordinate conservation actions. It is composed of 23 departments under the State Council, and headed by a Vice Premier who is in charge of environmental protection. To strengthen the quality and stability of our ecosystems, the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 make provisions for implementing major biodiversity conservation projects and building a biodiversity conservation network. + +The China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) has been issued and implemented, offering substantial guidance in 10 priority areas, including the policy and legal framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and 30 actions, including inter-departmental coordination mechanisms. Beijing, Jiangsu, Yunnan and 19 other provincial-level administrative units have formed local strategies and action plans accordingly. + +China has put in place a system for evaluating performance in advancing ecological progress, based on which indicators of biodiversity conservation have been included in performance evaluation for local governments, urging them to fulfill their responsibilities for biodiversity conservation. + +Strengthening the legal system for biodiversity conservation. Over the past decade, China has promulgated and revised more than 20 laws and regulations pertinent to biodiversity conservation, including laws on forestry, grassland, fishery, seed, biosecurity as well as laws on the protection of wild animals, the environment, marine environment, and the Yangtze River, covering the protection of wildlife and important ecosystems, biosecurity, access to and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources, thus providing solid legal safeguards for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. + +China has also revised the list of key wild animals and plants under state protection, laying a foundation for rescuing rare and endangered wildlife and maintaining biodiversity. In 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress adopted at its 16th session the Decision to Comprehensively Prohibit the Illegal Trade of Wild Animals, Eliminate the Bad Habits of Wild Animal Consumption, and Protect the Health and Safety of the People. + +Different provinces and equivalent administrative units have issued relevant regulations based on local conditions. Yunnan Province, for example, formulated its own biodiversity conservation regulation, the first local one in the country. + +2. Extending Guarantees + +China has organized nationwide biodiversity surveys, and put in place sound biodiversity monitoring and observation networks. It has increased financial input and effort in technology research and development to improve the capacity for biodiversity conservation and governance. + +Conducting nationwide biodiversity surveys and assessment. To improve its biodiversity survey and assessment capacity, China has carried out major biodiversity conservation projects, in addition to surveys of natural resources and the monitoring and assessment of ecosystems. It has included biodiversity indicators in the system of comprehensive assessment indexes for ecological quality for the first time to guide local governments in protecting the eco-environment and biodiversity. A system for surveying, assessing and monitoring natural resources has been developed, and surveys on forests, grasslands, waters, wetlands, deserts, oceans and other natural resources have been carried out. + +China has built a species distribution database, covering 2,376 county-level administrative units and totaling over 34,000 km in line transect. An information platform has been set up to survey and collect various species, accurately mapping the spatial distribution of wildlife. + +China has completed biodiversity surveys and assessment in more than 180 county-level administrative units in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and some other national strategic areas. Offshore resources studies have been carried out to build an initial profile of fishery resources. + +China has released the China Red Data Book of Plants, China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals, China Species Red List, and China’s Red List of Biodiversity to establish the overall situation of biodiversity and lay a scientific basis for better biodiversity conservation. + + + +Improving monitoring and observation networks. China has put in place monitoring and observation networks for various ecosystems and species. These networks have played an important role in supporting biodiversity research, demonstrating and promoting relevant technology, and protecting species and their habitats, thereby providing diverse information services and decision-making support for scientific research and education, popularizing science and exploiting resources. Among them, the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and the Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (CTERN) cover all ecosystems and elements; the China Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network (Sino BON) covers a variety of biological groups such as animals, plants and microorganisms; the China Biodiversity Observation Network (China BON) has designated plots for the observation of indicator species all over the country. + + + + + +Increasing financial support. China has expanded funding for biodiversity conservation in recent years. More than RMB260 billion was earmarked in biodiversity-related causes in each of 2017 and 2018, six times the figure of 2008. Meanwhile, China has used fiscal and tax incentives to mobilize private capital to invest in biodiversity conservation. In 2020, a national green development fund was set up, raising RMB88.5 billion as a start. + +Strengthening technical and talent support. China has set up special projects on biodiversity research, developed database and information platforms, and improved technologies and standards for survey, observation and assessment to provide strong technical support for biodiversity conservation. Through some basic scientific research projects on biodiversity conservation, restoration and protection of typical vulnerable ecosystems, conservation of species, and protection of rare and endangered wildlife, China has stepped up technology research and development in the restoration and protection of endangered wildlife, conservation of germplasm and genetic resources, and sustainable and profitable use of biological resources. This way, it has gradually built a technical system for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. China has taken full advantage of the strengths of universities and research institutes, and integrated science and education to reinforce the training of professionals on biodiversity. + +3. Strengthening Law Enforcement and Supervision + +China has conducted central environmental protection inspections to solve outstanding problems, improve eco-environmental quality, and promote high-quality economic and social development. It has organized special actions against illegal wildlife trade, and increased its effort to combat illegal and criminal activities concerning biodiversity. It has taken tough steps to stop and punish all activities that do damage to ecosystems, species and biological resources. + +Strengthening central inspection on eco-environmental protection. The system of central inspection on eco-environmental protection was established in 2015. Since then, it has been developed to cover 31 provincial-level administrative units, relevant departments under the State Council and some state-owned enterprises directly under the central government. To solve prominent environmental problems, China has carried out inspections focusing on major issues such as biodiversity conservation, climate change, the 10-year ban on fishing in the Yangtze River, and marine environmental protection. The system serves to push governments at all levels and relevant departments to take responsibility for protecting the eco-environment, providing strong institutional guarantees for conserving biodiversity. + +Carrying law enforcement inspections on biodiversity conservation. Adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward illegal activities involving wildlife trade, China has carried out trans-department, cross-region and cross-border joint actions to crack down on the trafficking of rare and endangered wildlife. It has improved the long-term mechanism for monitoring law enforcement concerning wild animal protection. Special law enforcement campaigns have been launched to combat illegal activities threatening wildlife and their habitats, including the Green Shield inspections of nature reserves, the Blue Sea initiative for marine environmental protection, the Sword campaigns targeting fisheries, and the Kunlun actions against crimes and violations in the fields of food, drugs and the environment. In a tough stand against illegal activities, China has established collaboration mechanisms for cross-region and trans-department joint actions on enforcing the Yangtze River fishing ban and withdrawal of fishermen concerned, and has conducted special campaigns against illegal fishing. + +4. Encouraging Public Engagement + +China continues to strengthen publicity and education on biodiversity conservation. An action system involving stronger government guidance, corporate action, and extensive public participation is taking shape. Public participation in biodiversity conservation has grown and become more diversified. + +Public awareness activities and dissemination of knowledge on biodiversity are being carried out. On important occasions such as the International Day for Biological Diversity, World Wildlife Day, World Wetlands Day, World Environment Day, and Aquatic Wildlife Conservation Public Awareness Month, events will be held to encourage broad social participation and raise public awareness of eco-environmental conservation. + +China has explored new publicity models, broadened participation channels, improved incentives, and invited public participation in policy making, information disclosure and public-interest litigation related to biodiversity, creating a positive environment for biodiversity conservation. Beautiful China, I’m a Contributor – Action Plan to Raise Public Awareness of Ecological Conservation (2021-2025), and Guidelines on Advancing Volunteer Service in Eco-environmental Protection have been released to provide guidelines and norms for entities and individuals to participate in biodiversity conservation. + +China has formed alliances for protecting key species including the Yangtze finless porpoise, the turtle and the Chinese white dolphin, which serve as platforms of communication and cooperation for all stakeholders. + +In 2015, China joined the Global Partnership for Business and Biodiversity (GPBB), initiated by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Enterprises are encouraged to take part in biodiversity-related initiatives and actions against illegal wildlife trade. + +IV. Further Global Cooperation on Biodiversity Conservation + +Facing the global challenge of biodiversity loss, all countries form a community of shared future. China firmly practices multilateralism and actively carries out international cooperation on biodiversity conservation through extensive consultations to build consensus. It is contributing solutions to global biodiversity conservation and working together with the international community to build a shared future for humanity and nature. + +1. Actively Implementing International Conventions + +By actively implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and related protocols, with a strong sense of responsibility as a major country, China has worked to enhance synergies among biodiversity-related conventions and played an important role in global biodiversity conservation and governance. + +Actively implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and related protocols. China firmly supports the multilateral governance system for biodiversity, and has adopted strong policies and measures to fulfill its obligations under the Convention since 1992. As an important signing party of the Convention and its protocols, China has submitted high-quality national reports on a regular basis. In July 2019, China submitted its Sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity and in October the Fourth National Report to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. + +Since 2019 China has been the largest contributor to the core budget of the Convention and its protocols, and has strongly supported its operation and implementation. In recent years, China has continued to increase its contributions to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and has become the largest developing country contributor to the GEF, lending strong support to global biodiversity conservation. + +Enhancing synergies among biodiversity-related conventions. Biodiversity is closely related to other eco-environmental issues. China supports collaborative efforts in building a stronger global ecological security barrier and an ecosystem that respects nature, and is ready to work with all the parties to push for a joint role for the Convention and other international conventions. + +China takes an active part in implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, and the documents of the UN Forum on Forests. In cooperation with relevant international organizations, China has established the International Desertification Control Knowledge Management Center. China and New Zealand jointly led the efforts on Nature-based Solutions (NBS) projects, making NBS a synergistic solution in combating climate change and biodiversity loss. + +In September 2020, China announced that it will strive to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, contributing its share to the global response to climate change mitigation. + +Achieving remarkable results in fulfilling obligations. China has made positive contribution to the 2020 global biodiversity targets (the Aichi targets) and the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. + +In 2010, the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) was published. Since then, China has been working for a better eco-environment by improving the legal system and other mechanisms, strengthening in-situ and ex-situ conservation, increasing public participation, and boosting international cooperation and exchanges on biodiversity. + +China has over-fulfilled three of the Aichi targets – establishing terrestrial nature reserves, restoring and ensuring important ecosystem services, and increasing ecosystem resilience and carbon storage – and made progress in 13 targets, including mainstreaming biodiversity, sustainable management of agriculture, forestry and fishery, and sustainable production and consumption. + +2. Strengthening International Exchanges and Cooperation + +China is an advocate of multilateralism. It engages in extensive cooperation and exchanges, pooling global forces in biodiversity conservation and governance. With the help of multilateral cooperation mechanisms such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and South-South Cooperation, China has provided support for biodiversity conservation in developing countries and is striving to build a shared future for all life on Earth. + +Establishing multilateral cooperation mechanisms for green development under the BRI. China regards cooperation in eco-civilization as a key component of the BRI, and has adopted a series of green measures in infrastructure, energy, and finance to support participating countries with fund, technology and capacity building. These measures are helping them transform faster to green, low-carbon growth to the benefit of the people. + +China has established the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition, with international partners from over 40 countries. The Coalition facilitates cooperation on biodiversity conservation, global climate change governance and green transformation. + +The BRI Environment Big Data Platform is in the making. The platform aims to collect biodiversity data from over 100 countries and provides data in support of the initiative’s green development. + +A Green Silk Road Envoy Program has been launched to jointly build environmental protection capacity with other developing countries. Under the program, China has helped relevant countries, through training and other project cooperation, to implement the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. + +Stepping up South-South cooperation. China has provided support for more than 80 developing countries in biodiversity conservation under the framework of South-South cooperation. + +China has established a center for the Lancang-Mekong environmental cooperation, and hosted regular roundtable meetings with a focus on ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. It has set up the China-ASEAN Environmental Cooperation Center, and launched and implemented with ASEAN member states a number of cooperation initiatives, including the China-ASEAN Cooperation Plan on Biodiversity and Ecological Conservation, and the Core Environment Program and Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Fruitful results have been achieved in biodiversity conservation, corridor planning and management, and community livelihood improvement. The Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS-SEABRI) was unveiled in 2015 to carry out joint field studies, major scientific research, policy consultation, and personnel training. The China-Africa Environment Cooperation Center has been established for cooperation on environmental technology and for sharing green development opportunities. + +Carrying out extensive bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Following the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, China has constantly expanded biodiversity cooperation. + +It has taken an active part in international conferences and activities, including the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity and the Leaders’ Summit on Climate, giving impetus to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. In 2020, China organized an online ministerial roundtable “Biodiversity Beyond 2020: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth” to discuss global biodiversity governance after 2020. + +China and France jointly issued the Beijing Call for Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change in 2019. China carries out long-term cooperation on migratory bird protection with Russia, Japan and other countries. China has worked with Russia, Mongolia, Laos, Vietnam and other countries in establishing transboundary PAs and ecological corridors. The number of species in the China-Russia transboundary nature reserve continues to grow, and wild Siberian tigers are beginning to migrate freely between PAs in Russia and China. The China-Laos transboundary biodiversity reserve, with an area of 200,000 hectares, effectively protects rare and endangered species such as Asian elephants and their habitats. China has established bilateral cooperation mechanisms with Germany, the United Kingdom, South Africa, and some other countries, through which extensive cooperation and exchanges on biodiversity and ecosystem services, climate change, and biosecurity have been carried out. It has established a mechanism of tripartite policy dialogue on biodiversity with Japan and the ROK. + +Conclusion + +The Earth is the homeland of humanity and we should protect it together. Biodiversity is the foundation for human survival and development, and the bloodline of all life on Earth. Facing the global challenge of biodiversity loss, humanity is one community that shares one and the same future. + +On its new journey towards a modern socialist country, China is now equipped with better resources for boosting eco-civilization. But it also faces many challenges and heavy tasks. Looking to the future, China will uphold the idea of a shared future for humanity and nature, treat biodiversity conservation as an important part of eco-civilization, and continue to modernize its biodiversity governance system and capabilities. It will work to improve natural ecosystems, reinforce eco-environmental services, and provide more eco-environmental products, to achieve a virtuous cycle of natural ecosystems and meet the people’s growing demand for a beautiful eco-environment. + +China will always stand guard for our harmonious and beautiful planet for all life and contribute to its wellbeing with action. It will work together with the international community on a new model of global biodiversity governance that is fairer and more reasonable, with each member contributing its share, so as to realize the worldwide vision of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. It will continue to help build a global community of shared future, and move forward into better times with the rest of the world. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/utils/en_raw/002 b/utils/en_raw/002 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e4a5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/en_raw/002 @@ -0,0 +1,287 @@ +China and Africa in the New Era: A Partnership of Equals + +The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China + +November 2021 + +Contents + +Foreword + +I.Building an Even Stronger China-Africa Community of Shared Future + +II.All-Round China-Africa Cooperation in the New Era + +III.Strengthening Mutual Support + +IV.Breaking New Ground in China-Africa Relations + +Conclusion + +Foreword + +China is the largest developing country in the world, and Africa is the continent with the largest number of developing countries. Shared past experiences and similar aims and goals have brought China and Africa close together. China and Africa will always be a community of shared future. Developing solidarity and cooperation with African countries has been the cornerstone of China’s foreign policy, as well as a firm and longstanding strategy. In the fight for national liberation and independence, China and African countries supported each other and expanded mutual political trust in the process. In pursuing economic development and national rejuvenation, both sides have been helping the other and increasing the scope of cooperation. On major international and regional issues, they have coordinated their positions and jointly safeguarded international equality and justice. + +Entering the new era, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the principles of China’s Africa policy – sincerity, real results, amity and good faith, and pursuing the greater good and shared interests, charting the course for China’s cooperation with Africa, and providing the fundamental guidelines. The dual successes of the Johannesburg Summit in 2015 and the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2018 pushed China-Africa cooperation to a new and unprecedented high. President Xi Jinping and African leaders unanimously decided at the FOCAC Beijing Summit that the two sides would work to build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, advance cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, establishing a new milestone in China-Africa relations. + +China-Africa friendship has not been an overnight achievement, nor has it been gifted from on high. Rather, it has been fostered throughout the years when China and Africa supported and stood alongside each other in trying times. China has aided to the limit of its capabilities the development of Africa, and has been grateful for the strong support and selfless help African countries and their peoples have extended to China for a long period of time. Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, China and African countries have continued to provide mutual support, writing a new chapter in China-Africa solidarity and friendship at times of crisis. + +This white paper is designed to document the successes of China-Africa cooperation in the new era, and offer a perspective on future cooperation between the two sides. + +I. Building an Even Stronger China-Africa Community of Shared Future + +China and Africa enjoy a long-lasting friendship. Chairman Mao Zedong and other first-generation leaders of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), along with African statesmen of the older generation, laid the foundations for China-Africa friendship. China has always offered respect, appreciation, and support for Africa, and the Chinese people have shared weal and woe and mutual assistance with African people, exploring a distinctive path to win-win cooperation. At the FOCAC Beijing Summit held in September 2018, the two sides decided to build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future and lead China-Africa relations and cooperation into a new era. China and Africa have stood together in success and adversity, setting an example for building a global community of shared future. + +1. The Principles of Sincerity, Real Results, Amity and Good Faith and the Principles of Pursuing the Greater Good and Shared Interests + +The principles of sincerity, real results, amity and good faith and the principles of pursuing the greater good and shared interests epitomize China’s policy to Africa. They represent the essence of Chinese culture and embody the historical traditions of China-Africa friendship – a role model for international cooperation with Africa. They are the overarching guiding principles for China in building up solidarity and cooperation with developing countries, including those in Africa. + +“Sincerity” is how we treat our African friends. Nothing is more important than a true friend. China has always considered solidarity and cooperation with African countries to be an essential element of its foreign policy. This will never change, not even when China grows stronger and enjoys a higher international status. China is ready to reinforce mutual support with African countries on issues involving core interests and major concerns of either or both. China will continue its firm support for Africa’s position on international and regional affairs, and uphold the common interests of developing countries. China will continue its support for African countries’ efforts to resolve their continent’s issues in their own way, and make a greater contribution to peace and security in Africa. China will continue its firm support for African countries’ efforts to explore development paths suited to their national conditions. It also stands ready to increase exchanges on governance experience with African countries and boost common development and prosperity, by drawing on wisdom from the time-honored civilizations and experience of both sides. + +“Real results” are what China aims to achieve in its cooperation with Africa. China is a champion of win-win cooperation and works to put the principle into action. China is committed to integrating its own development closely with Africa’s development, and the Chinese people’s interests with those of African peoples. By so doing, China sincerely hopes that African countries will grow stronger and that African life will get better. While pursuing its own development, China has extended support and assistance to its African friends to the limits of its capacity. Particularly in recent years, China has scaled up its assistance and cooperation with Africa. Whenever it makes a commitment, China will always honor it to the letter. It will continue to expand cooperation in investment and financing with Africa and strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation in agricultural and manufacturing sectors. By so doing, China will help African countries translate their strengths in resources into advantages in development and realize independent and sustainable development. + +“Amity” is a principle China follows in strengthening China-Africa friendship. The peoples of China and Africa are destined to be good friends. Their hearts are bonded through dialogue and concrete actions. China-Africa friendship has its roots and lifeblood in the people, and the goal of China-Africa relations is to benefit the people. The two sides have long valued people-to-people exchanges, so that the Chinese people and African people know each other well and China-Africa friendship has grown on a solid social base. China-Africa friendship is forward-looking. To flourish, it needs continuous efforts by aspirational Chinese and African youth from one generation to another. The two sides should promote youth exchanges so that the friendship can maintain dynamism and vigor. + +“Good faith” should be honored in solving problems arising from cooperation. Both China and Africa are at a stage of rapid development. Their mutual understanding should keep abreast of the times. China faces up squarely to any new problems in their relations, and is committed to properly addressing emerging problems in a spirit of mutual respect and win-win cooperation. + +In terms of the principles of shared interests and the greater good, each is of vital importance, but more emphasis is given to the latter. In international affairs, China advocates political justice, mutual economic benefit, win-win cooperation, and common development. It upholds good faith, friendship, and integrity. Properly handling the relationship between shared interests and the greater good is an essential requirement of China-Africa relations in the new era. The greatest good in China-Africa relations is to closely combine Africa’s independent and sustainable development with China’s own development, and reject the zero-sum game and actions driven by a narrow pursuit of profit. The ultimate goal is to realize win-win cooperation. + +2. Mutual Respect and Common Development + +China-Africa cooperation is about mutual support between developing countries. Over the years, China has formed a distinctive approach to win-win cooperation with Africa. The approach is in line with the traditional Chinese philosophy, “Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you.” It also corresponds to the fundamental interests of African countries and the basic norms of international relations. It is a hallmark of China-Africa solidarity and cooperation and can serve as a useful reference for international cooperation with Africa. + +China’s approach involves upholding four principles: + +– Upholding sincerity, friendship and equality. The Chinese people have worked together with African people in pursuit of a shared future. China respects, appreciates and supports Africa. + +– Upholding shared interests and the greater good, with greater emphasis on the latter. In its cooperation with Africa, China applies the principles of giving more and taking less, giving before taking, and giving without asking for something in return. It welcomes African countries aboard the express train of China’s development with open arms. + +– Upholding a people-oriented approach in pursuing practical cooperation with efficiency. In its cooperation with Africa, China gives top priority to the interests and wellbeing of the peoples of China and Africa, and works to their benefit. China is committed to fully honoring the promises it has made to its African friends. + +– Upholding openness and inclusiveness. China stands ready to work with other international partners to support Africa in pursuing peace and development. It welcomes and supports all initiatives that further Africa’s interests. + +In developing relations with Africa, there are five lines that China will not cross: no interference in African countries’ choice of a development path that fits their national conditions; no interference in African countries’ internal affairs; no imposition of its will on African countries; no attachment of political strings to assistance to Africa; and no pursuit of selfish political gains through investment and financing cooperation with Africa. + +3. The Lofty Goal of Building a Community of Shared Future + +At the FOCAC Beijing Summit in 2018, China and Africa reached a strategic agreement to build a China-Africa community of shared future characterized by joint responsibility, win-win cooperation, happiness for all, cultural prosperity, common security, and harmony between humanity and nature. This is a fundamental program of action, and a lofty goal for the two sides. It has charted the course for China-Africa cooperation in the new era. + +– In assuming joint responsibility, the two sides will reinforce mutual understanding and support on issues involving each other’s core interests and major concerns, and boost coordination on major international and regional issues. These efforts will enable the two sides to uphold the common interests of China and Africa as well as other developing countries. + +– In pursuing win-win cooperation, China and Africa will seize the opportunity created by the complementarity between their respective development strategies and the major opportunities presented by the Belt and Road Initiative. This will allow them to expand areas of cooperation and unlock new cooperation potential. + +– In delivering happiness for all and growing China-Africa relations, the clear goal of the two sides is to make people’s lives better. The cooperation between the two sides must deliver real benefit to the people in both China and African countries. + +– In pursuing cultural prosperity, China and Africa will work to strengthen the bond between their peoples by increasing exchanges, mutual learning and harmonious co-existence between the civilizations of the two sides, invigorating their civilizations and cultures, enriching their artistic creations, and providing richer cultural nourishment. + +– In seeking common security, China is ready to play a constructive role, and will support African countries in strengthening their independent capacity for safeguarding stability and peace. China firmly supports African countries and the African Union (AU), as well as other regional organizations in Africa, in their efforts to solve African issues in African ways. + +– In promoting harmony between humanity and nature, China will strengthen exchanges and cooperation with Africa on climate change, clean energy, prevention and control of desertification and soil erosion, protection of wildlife, and other areas of ecological and environmental sensitivity. Through their combined efforts, the two sides will make China and Africa beautiful places for people to live in harmony with nature. + +Ultimately, it is for the Chinese and African people to judge the results of China-Africa cooperation. China’s aim in developing cooperation with Africa will always be to promote the fundamental interests of the Chinese and African people. It will never make containment of any third country an aim of its policy in Africa. + +4. An Exemplary Model for World Development and Cooperation + +When China-Africa cooperation thrives, South-South cooperation will flourish. When China and Africa are fully developed, the world will be a better place. Cooperation in the new era is the sure way for China and Africa to realize common development. It will lay more solid foundations for building an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, and build up strong momentum for the rise of developing countries as a whole, and for more balanced international relations. + +Under the combined impact of the pandemic, a scale of change unseen in a century, and a sharp conflict between multilateralism and unilateralism, the global governance system is facing profound and unprecedented challenges. China sees Africa as a broad stage for international cooperation rather than an arena for competition among major countries. China-Africa cooperation has never been a case of talk and no action. It is a case of bringing tangible benefits to people in China and Africa, and creating more favorable conditions for others in the international community to conduct cooperation with Africa. In the new era, through solidarity and cooperation, the peoples of China and Africa will set an example in increasing the wellbeing of humanity, creating a new type of international relations, and building a global community of shared future. + +II.All-Round China-Africa Cooperationin the New Era + +China and Africa trust each other and China-Africa friendship is rock-solid. China is committed to consolidating China-Africa political mutual trust, expanding pragmatic cooperation with Africa in various areas, and extending its help to boost peace and development in the continent. China has always been on the forefront of international cooperation with Africa. After years of dedicated efforts, the tree of China-Africa cooperation has flourished – it is tall and strong, and cannot be shaken by any force. China-Africa friendship is in its prime. The fruitful results of China-Africa cooperation can be seen across the continent. It has improved the conditions for economic and social development in Africa and brought tangible benefits to people in both China and Africa. + +1. Mutual Political Trust + +Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, China and African countries have always been good friends who stand together through prosperity and adversity, good partners who share weal and woe, and good comrades who fully trust each other in a shifting international landscape. In 2006, the FOCAC Beijing Summit decided to establish a new type of China-Africa strategic partnership. In 2015, the FOCAC Johannesburg Summit decided to build a China-Africa comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership. In the 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit, the two sides agreed to build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, raising China-Africa relations to a new level. + +High-level exchanges play an important role in developing China-Africa relations. State leaders of the two sides value communication and coordination on bilateral relations and major issues of common interest. Their exchanges have laid solid political groundwork for consolidating traditional friendship, increasing mutual political trust, safeguarding common interests, and pursuing development and cooperation. In March 2013, President Xi Jinping visited Africa, his first official overseas visit after assuming the office of president. To date he has made four visits to different locations across the continent. + + + +During the 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit, President Xi had one-on-one meetings with more than 50 African leaders, renewing friendships, exploring cooperation, and discussing the future. He also attended close to 70 bilateral and multilateral events. + +After the FOCAC Beijing Summit in 2018, 17 African leaders came to China for state visits or meetings. Following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, state leaders of the two sides have maintained contacts and communication via video and phone calls. In June 2020, President Xi Jinping presided over the Extraordinary China-Africa Summit on Solidarity Against Covid-19 via video link. Thirteen African leaders and chairperson of the AU Commission attended the summit. Since the pandemic struck, President Xi has talked by phone with African state leaders on 17 occasions, maintaining close high-level contacts and exchanges with his African counterparts. President Xi has always treated African friends as equals, and fostered solid friendships and profound trust with African leaders. This head-of-state diplomacy has guided China-Africa relations to steady and sustained prosperity. + +China and Africa consistently work to diversify and improve intergovernmental dialogue, consultation and cooperation mechanisms. They make the most of the coordinating role of the mechanism to promote all-round development of China-Africa cooperation in various areas. China has established a comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership with nine African countries, a comprehensive strategic partnership with three, a strategic partnership with six, and a comprehensive cooperative partnership with seven. China has set up bi-national commissions and diplomatic consultation or strategic dialogue mechanisms with 21 African countries and the AU Commission, and joint (mixed) committees on trade and economic cooperation with 51 African countries. In 2016, China and the AU established a consultation mechanism on human rights. In 2017, China established the High-Level People-to-People Exchange Mechanism with South Africa, the first of its kind between China and an African country. China-Africa cooperation at the local level is flourishing. The two sides have held four cooperation forums between local governments since 2012. There are currently 160 pairings of sister provinces/cities between China and African countries, 48 of which have been established since 2013. + +China and African countries conduct close exchanges between political parties, legislative bodies and consultative bodies, building multi-level, multi-channel, multi-form and multi-dimensional friendly cooperation. The Communist Party of China expands exchanges and cooperation with political parties in African countries based on the principles of independence, equality, mutual respect and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. It is committed to building a new type of relations between political parties in which different political parties seek common ground while setting aside differences, and they respect and learn from each other. The two sides make full use of the positive role of legislation and supervision to provide policy support for bilateral cooperation and exchanges. The National People’s Congress of China has established mechanisms for regular exchanges with parliaments in Egypt, South Africa and Kenya, and bilateral friendship groups with parliaments in 35 African countries. The National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and its subsidiary organs maintain contacts with 59 institutions in 39 African countries. In June 2019, the CPPCC National Committee established the China-Africa Friendship Group, the first of its kind in the history of the CPPCC. + + + +Over the past years, more African countries have joined the extended family of China-Africa friendship. China restored ambassadorial-level diplomatic relations with The Gambia on March 17, 2016, with Sao Tome and Principe on December 26, 2016, and with Burkina Faso on May 26, 2018. China now has diplomatic relations with 53 African countries, with the sole exception of Eswatini. + +China has been active in developing cooperation with the AU and African sub-regional organizations. The AU Conference Center, which was built with Chinese assistance, was inaugurated in January 2012. It was the second-largest project in Africa to be built with China’s assistance after the Tanzania-Zambia Railway. In 2014, China sent a mission to the AU, marking a new stage of China-AU relations. China values the AU’s leading role in advancing African integration and building a stronger African continent through unity, and supports its dominant role in safeguarding peace and security in Africa. China also supports the AU in playing a bigger role in regional and international affairs, adopting Agenda 2063, and executing the First Ten-Year Implementation Plan. + +In a capacity of observer, China has attended the summit of many African sub-regional organizations including the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the East African Community (EAC), and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development and the Economic Community of Central African States. China has sent ambassadors to the ECOWAS, SADC and EAC. + +2. Rapidly Expanding Economic Cooperation + +China and Africa have seen economic and trade cooperation expanding rapidly in scale and extent. The 10 major cooperation plans and the eight major initiatives adopted at the 2015 FOCAC Johannesburg Summit and the 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit raised China-Africa economic and trade cooperation to a new level. + +– Increasing development assistance. While pursuing its own growth, China supports African countries in seeking development and improving their people’s lives. In the new era, China has scaled up assistance to Africa. Foreign aid from 2013 to 2018 totaled RMB270 billion. Of this sum, 45 percent went to African countries in the form of grants, interest-free loans and concessional loans. From 2000 to 2020, China helped African countries build more than 13,000 km of roads and railway and more than 80 large-scale power facilities, and funded over 130 medical facilities, 45 sports venues and over 170 schools. It also trained more than 160,000 personnel for Africa, and built a series of flagship projects including the AU Conference Center. China’s assistance extended to various aspects of the economy, society and people’s lives, and was widely welcomed and supported by governments in Africa and the people. China has announced an exemption from debt incurred in the form of interest-free Chinese government loans due to mature by the end of 2018. It will apply to Africa’s least developed countries, heavily indebted and poor countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing countries that have diplomatic relations with China. During the Covid-19 pandemic, China cancelled the outstanding debts of 15 African countries in the form of interest-free loans that matured at the end of 2020. + + + +– Booming trade relations. China has been Africa’s largest trading partner for the 12 years since 2009. The proportion of Africa’s trade with China in the continent’s total external trade has continued to rise. In 2020, the figure exceeded 21 percent. The structure of China-Africa trade is improving. There has been a marked increase in technology in China’s exports to Africa, with the export of mechanical and electrical products and high-tech products now accounting for more than 50 percent of the total. China has increased its imports of non-resource products from Africa, and offered zero-tariff treatment to 97 percent of taxable items exported to China by the 33 least-developed countries in Africa, with the goal of helping more African agricultural and manufactured goods gain access to the Chinese market. China’s imports in services from Africa have been growing at an average annual rate of 20 percent since 2017, creating close to 400,000 jobs for the continent every year. In recent years, China’s imports of agricultural products from Africa have also risen, and China has emerged as the second largest destination for Africa’s agricultural exports. China and Africa have seen booming trade in new business models including cross-border e-commerce. Cooperation under the Silk Road E-commerce initiative has advanced. China has built a mechanism for e-commerce cooperation with Rwanda, and Chinese businesses have been active in investing in overseas order fulfillment centers. High-quality and special products from Africa are now directly available to the Chinese market via e-commerce platforms. The China-Mauritius free trade agreement (FTA), which became effective on January 1 2021, was the first FTA between China and an African country. It has injected new vitality into China-Africa economic and trade cooperation. + + + +– Promoting cooperation in investment and financing. Cooperation in investment and financing has been one of the success stories of China-Africa cooperation in recent years, bringing new vitality into Africa’s economic and social development. Combining Africa’s needs and China’s strengths, China encourages its companies to increase and optimize investment in Africa, providing support in financing and export credit insurance for eligible projects. Thanks to the combined efforts of the Chinese government, financial institutions, and enterprises, China’s investment in Africa has built up sound momentum. It covers a wide range of fields including mining, processing and smelting of ores, equipment manufacturing, agriculture, home appliance production, aviation services, medicine and health, and the digital economy. With this help, African countries have been able to upgrade their industrialization, improve their industries, and increase their capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports. + + + +By the end of 2020, direct investment of Chinese companies in Africa had surpassed $43 billion. China has established over 3,500 companies of various types across the continent. Private companies have gradually become the main investment force in Africa; more than 80 percent of their employees are locals, and they have directly and indirectly created millions of jobs. + + + +– Facilitating agricultural development in Africa. China has always been willing to share agricultural development experience and technology with Africa, to support African countries in improving agricultural production and processing, and to help them in building their agricultural value chains and trade. Since 2012, 7,456 African trainees have received agricultural training in China. Through projects such as sending Chinese agricultural experts to Africa, more than 50,000 Africans have been trained and 23 agricultural demonstration centers have been built. To date, China has established agricultural cooperation mechanisms with 23 African countries and regional organizations, and signed 72 bilateral and multilateral agricultural cooperation agreements. Since 2012, China has signed 31 agricultural cooperation agreements with 20 African countries and regional organizations. In 2019, the First China-Africa Agriculture Cooperation Forum was held, which announced the establishment of the China-AU Agriculture Cooperation Commission and the formulation of a program of action to promote China-Africa cooperation in agricultural modernization. By the end of 2020, more than 200 Chinese companies had an investment stock of $1.11 billion in agricultural sector in 35 African countries. Their investments cover areas such as planting, breeding and processing. More than 350 types of African agricultural products can be traded with China. All this ensures steady growth in China-Africa agricultural trade. + +– Contributing to industrialization in Africa. Industrialization is a prerequisite for the continent to achieve inclusive and sustainable development, and is also the key to creating jobs, eradicating poverty, and improving living standards. China supports African countries in improving their “soft” and “hard” environment for investment in accordance with their national conditions and development needs. Taking industrial alignment and capacity cooperation as the engine, China helps advance the process of Africa’s industrialization and economic diversification. To date, China has established industrial capacity cooperation mechanisms with 15 countries in Africa. China and African countries have worked together to build economic and trade cooperation zones, special economic zones, industrial parks and science parks, attracting enterprises from China and other countries to invest in Africa. They have built production and processing bases and localized their operations in Africa, contributing to an increase in local employment and tax revenues, and promoting industrial upgrading and technical cooperation. The China-Africa Fund for Production Capacity Cooperation has focused on the construction of highways, railways, and aviation networks, and industrialization in Africa. As of March 2021, investments had been made in 21 projects, covering energy, resources and manufacturing and boosting industrial development in recipient countries. Dozens of Chinese-funded enterprises have cooperated with African counterparts to build photovoltaic power stations, with a cumulative installed capacity exceeding 1.5 GW, which has helped create photovoltaic industry chains from scratch in Africa, while effectively alleviating power shortages and reducing carbon emissions. + +– Expanding cooperation in infrastructure. China supports Africa in making infrastructure development a priority for economic revitalization. It encourages and supports Chinese enterprises to adopt various models to participate in the construction, investment, operation and management of infrastructure projects in Africa. From 2016 to 2020, total investment in infrastructure projects in Africa reached almost $200 billion. Projects implemented by Chinese companies accounted for 31.4 percent of all infrastructure projects on the African continent in 2020. Since the founding of FOCAC, Chinese companies have utilized various funds to help African countries build and upgrade more than 10,000 km of railways, nearly 100,000 km of highways, nearly 1,000 bridges and 100 ports, and 66,000 km of power transmission and distribution. They have also helped build an installed power-generating capacity of 120 million kW, a communications backbone network of 150,000 km and a network service covering nearly 700 million user terminals. Built and operated by Chinese companies, the Mombasa-Nairobi Railway was the first modern railway to be built in Kenya in 100 years. Applying Chinese standards, technologies and equipment, the project has won praise as a road of friendship and cooperation, and a path towards win-win development between China and Africa in the new era. The railway has carried 5.4 million passengers and 1.3 million standard containers. It has contributed 1.5 percent to Kenya’s economic growth, and created 46,000 direct and indirect jobs. China has guided its enterprises to explore multiple forms of cooperation, such as BOT (build-operate-transfer), BOO (build-own-operate) and PPP (public-private partnership). Such efforts aim to transform China-Africa infrastructure cooperation to a wholly integrated model covering investment, construction and operation, and push forward the sustainable development of infrastructure projects. + +– Strengthening financial cooperation. Financial institutions from both sides have been exploring each other’s markets. Their central banks have expanded the scale of local currency settlement and currency swap, leading to a steady improvement in China-Africa financial facilitation. As of October 2021, the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) had 42 indirect participants in Africa, covering 19 African countries. The People’s Bank of China (PBOC), China’s central bank, has signed successive currency swap agreements with the central banks of South Africa, Morocco, Egypt and Nigeria, to a total amount of RMB73 billion. China has signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in financial supervision with seven African countries including Egypt, South Africa and Nigeria, laying a solid foundation for steady and long-term bilateral financial cooperation. China has joined the African Development Bank (AfDB), the Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank, the West African Development Bank and other multilateral development financial institutions. It has pledged to contribute a total of $996 million to the African Development Fund under the AfDB. + +– Expanding cooperation in the digital economy. China is helping African countries to eliminate the digital divide. Rapid development and fruitful results have been achieved in this field – building digital infrastructure, transition towards a digital society, and the application of new technologies such as the Internet of Things and mobile finance. Chinese companies have participated in a number of submarine cable projects connecting Africa and Europe, Asia, and the Americas. They have cooperated with major African operators in achieving full basic coverage of telecommunications services in Africa. They have built more than half of the continent’s wireless sites and high-speed mobile broadband networks. In total, more than 200,000 km of optical fiber has been laid, giving broadband Internet access to 6 million households, and serving more than 900 million local people. To date, more than 1,500 companies in 17 cities in 15 African countries have selected Chinese corporate partners on their digital transformation path. Twenty-nine countries have selected smart government service solutions provided by Chinese companies. China and Africa have jointly established a public cloud service in South Africa that covers the entire African region. The two sides also released the first 5G independent networking commercial network in the region. The level and content of China-Africa e-commerce cooperation continue to grow. The Silk Road E-Commerce Capacity Building Cloud Lectures have effectively improved the digital literacy of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in partner countries. Promotion activities have been held to help high-quality products from Africa to access the Chinese market. Such activities include a government-initiated shopping festival that began in 2019, featuring Silk Road e-commerce, as well as the FOCAC African Products Online Promoting Season. Chinese companies actively participate in building platforms of public services in Africa such as electronic payment and smart logistics. All these efforts are designed to achieve win-win cooperation through promoting connectivity. At the China-Africa Internet Development and Cooperation Forum in August 2021, China announced its intention to formulate and implement a joint China-Africa Partnership Plan on Digital Innovation in Africa. + +3. Growing Cooperation on Social Development + +China is promoting cooperation with Africa in social fields such as poverty reduction, health, education, science and technology, environmental protection, climate change and exchanges among young people and women. Through strengthening exchanges, providing assistance and sharing experience, China is helping African countries to improve their comprehensive social development, which then provides internal impetus for their economic growth. + +– Sharing experience in poverty reduction. Poverty is a common challenge facing China and Africa. Ending poverty is the primary goal of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. With hundreds of millions of poor people having worked their way out of poverty, China has created a successful path of poverty eradication with Chinese characteristics, which has served as a reference for addressing the problem in Africa. China has effectively implemented the Program for Strengthening China-Africa Cooperation on Poverty Reduction. With mechanisms like the FOCAC Africa-China Poverty Reduction and Development Conference, and the China-Africa Youth Exchange Program on Poverty Reduction and Development, China has supported local governments, academics, enterprises, and youth and non-governmental organizations in both China and Africa in carrying out various forms of exchange and pragmatic cooperation on poverty reduction. Since 2010, 10 FOCAC Africa-China Poverty Reduction and Development conferences have been held in countries such as China, Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, with nearly 1,600 participants in total. From 2005 to 2021, China organized 160 poverty reduction and foreign aid training programs. Some 2,700 people from 53 African countries participated in the training, accounting for almost 60 percent of the total number of trainees. + +– Enhancing medical and health cooperation. The Chinese government has always ranked people and lives above everything else. Through concrete actions, China has helped African countries respond to various epidemics and plagues and build a public health system, promoting a China-Africa community of health. One of the longest and most effective cooperation projects that involves the greatest number of African countries is the dispatch of Chinese medical teams. The first one, which was sent to Algeria in 1963, marked the first chapter in the story of China’s medical aid to Africa. Over the past 58 years, China has sent a total of 23,000 medical team members to Africa, who have treated 230 million patients. At present, there are nearly 1,000 Chinese medical workers in 45 African countries, working at 98 medical centers. They are hailed by the local Africans as the health messengers in white, models of South-South cooperation and most welcome guests. Chinese medical teams carried out 34 free clinical programs under the Brightness Action initiative, restoring the eyesight of almost 10,000 African cataract patients. China focuses on helping African countries strengthen medical specialties, training 20,000 African medical personnel. To date, it has helped 18 African countries establish 20 centers in different medical specialties, covering cardiology, critical care medicine, trauma and endoscopy. Paired cooperation mechanisms have been established between the Chinese side and 45 hospitals in 40 African countries. China supports African countries in improving their capacity in border health and quarantine inspection, and sends disease control experts to the Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention to provide technical support. + +– Expanding cooperation in education and human resources. China vigorously supports education in Africa. Based on the needs of African countries for economic and social development, it helps train much-needed professionals for African countries and encourages outstanding African youth to study in China through several scholarships. Starting from 2012, the two sides have implemented the 20+20 Cooperation Plan for Chinese and African Institutions of Higher Education as an exchange and cooperation platform among universities. China set up an educational trust fund under UNESCO to provide teacher training for more than 10,000 teachers in African countries. Since 2018, China has established Luban Workshops together with colleges and universities in countries including Egypt, South Africa, Djibouti and Kenya, sharing quality vocational education resources with Africa and training high-caliber technical personnel to meet the urgent needs of economic and social development on the continent. + +China has helped more than 30 African universities set up Chinese language departments or Chinese language majors. In cooperation with China, 16 African countries have incorporated the Chinese language into their national education systems. The two sides have established 61 Confucius Institutes and 48 Confucius Classrooms in Africa. Since 2004, China has sent a total of 5,500 Chinese language teachers and volunteers to 48 African nations. + +– Stepping up scientific and technological collaboration, and knowledge sharing. China actively strengthens communication and coordination with Africa in terms of technological innovation strategies. It shares experience and achievements, and promotes the exchange and training of professionals and technology transfer, as well as innovation and entrepreneurship on both sides. China and African countries have set up high-level joint laboratories, the China-Africa Joint Research Center, and an innovation cooperation center. In recent years, China has assisted Africa in cultivating a large number of scientific and technological talents through projects such as the Alliance of International Science Organizations in the Belt and Road Region Scholarship, Chinese government scholarships, the Talented Young Scientist Program, and the Innovative Talent Exchange Project. Breakthroughs have been made in space cooperation. Using China’s remote sensing data, the two parties carry out cooperation in the fields of disaster prevention and mitigation, radio astronomy, satellite navigation and positioning, and precision agriculture. They also participate together in the Square Kilometer Array Project. The complete satellite assembly integration and test center built by Egypt with China’s help has laid solid foundations for Egypt’s aerospace industry. China also assisted Algeria and Sudan to launch their first artificial satellites. + +– Expanding collaboration in eco-environmental protection and jointly responding to climate change. The peoples of China and Africa share a common yearning for a beautiful environment and a better life. As a result, they work together to advocate green, low-carbon, recyclable and sustainable development and safeguard the common homeland of humanity. Since 2012, they have co-organized a seminar on green cooperation guiding the future economy and a ministerial conference on China-Africa environmental cooperation, promoting communication and coordination of environmental governance policies. The China-Africa Environmental Cooperation Center began operations in 2020 with the participation of China and African countries, as well as other international organizations, research institutions, and enterprises. As of September 2021, related institutions in seven African countries, including Angola and Kenya, have joined the International Coalition for Green Development on the Belt and Road, devised to contribute to the green development of the Belt and Road Initiative. China has carried out South-South cooperation on tackling climate change, and to date has signed 15 cooperation agreements with 14 African countries. Various approaches have been explored in support of Africa’s response to the issue, such as implementing mitigation and adaptation programs, jointly setting up pilot low-carbon industrial parks, and conducting training in capacity-building. For example, the Ethiopian Remote Sensing Satellite-1, or ETRSS-1, launched with Chinese help, is one of the fruits of China’s first remote sensing satellite cooperation with Africa. China and Africa crack down together on transnational organized crimes related to endangered wildlife trafficking, through intelligence sharing in environmental protection laws and regulations and helping each other to build capacity in law enforcement. While implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and dealing with other related affairs, China strengthens communication and coordination with African countries, in an endeavor to protect and ensure the sustainable exploitation of global wild fauna and flora. + + + +4. People-to-People and Cultural Exchanges + +As an old Chinese saying goes, “State-to-state relations thrive when there is friendship between the peoples.” China and African countries have embraced further exchanges in culture, media, science and technology, and think tanks, and facilitated dialogues among youth and women. These efforts have promoted people-to-people bonds and laid solid foundations for further developments. + +– Expanding exchanges and cooperation in the cultural sector and tourism. The two sides continue to sign implementation plans for intergovernmental agreements on signature programs such as the Year of China, the Year of Culture, Happy Spring Festival, Chinese and African Cultures in Focus, and Insight on China, further enhancing cultural exchanges and cooperation. As of December 2020, 346 such implementation plans had been inked and carried out. From 2013 to 2020, Chinese art troupes made 140 visits to Africa to hold performances. Since 2013, art troupes from 28 African countries have been invited to perform in China. Since 2016, China has held hundreds of cultural seminars for African countries, with nearly 1,500 African participants in total. Chinese cultural centers have been set up in Mauritius, Benin, Egypt, Nigeria, Tanzania and Morocco. The Chinese Government has signed documents with counterparts in Tunisia, Kenya, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Ethiopia and Mozambique on establishing Chinese cultural centers in these countries or their cultural centers in China. To date China has signed bilateral documents on cooperation in tourism with 31 African countries. It has listed 34 African countries as outbound group tour destinations for its citizens, and officially launched group tourism businesses for its people with 22 African countries. + +– Working on closer cooperation in the press, the media, and film and television. China and Africa continue to strengthen dialogue and exchanges on furthering news cooperation, managing cyberspace, and handling media relations. To this end, exchange events have been held such as the China-Africa Media Summit and the Forum on China-Africa Media Cooperation. Thirty African media outlets have joined the Belt and Road News Alliance, and 42 African countries have participated in the Belt and Road Media Community Summit Forum. China supports the development of the African radio, film and television industries. This can be seen from the effort to provide satellite TV reception to 10,000 African villages, and to support outdoor screening activities – the Caravan program – in rural areas and remote suburbs, covering more than 70 villages and regions in 12 countries. China and Africa encourage joint development and production of more works that tell stories about Africa and China-Africa friendship. Chinese companies provide program resources in 11 languages on more than 600 channels for 13 million African users. In recent years, China has carried out multilingual translations of about 200 outstanding Chinese audiovisual works for Africa and held Chinese film screenings and exhibitions in more than 10 African countries. Each year, a number of African films are screened at Chinese film festivals as well. + +– Encouraging academic exchanges and cooperation among think tanks. China and Africa support various forms of cooperation among academic research institutions, think tanks and universities in carrying out subject research, academic exchanges and publication of works. Support is given to sharing research and achievements, especially on topics such as state governance, development paths, industrial capacity cooperation, culture, and law. Both sides have also been working on enhancing research strengths. More than 80 think tanks and academic research institutions have participated in the China-Africa Joint Research and Exchange Plan. The Fifth Ministerial Conference of FOCAC held in 2012 proposed to implement the China-Africa Think Tanks 10+10 Partnership Plan for long-term paired cooperation. In April 2019, China-Africa Institute was established in Beijing. + +– Increasing non-governmental exchanges. China and African countries have actively implemented the Proposals on China-Africa People-to-People Exchanges and Cooperation, the China-Africa People-to-People Friendship Action, the Silk Road Community Building Program, and the China-Africa People-to-People Friendship and Partnership Program. They support trade unions, other non-governmental organizations and social groups in engaging in exchanges. Since 2011, the two sides have held six China-Africa People’s Forums. In addition, five China-Africa Young Leaders Forums, four Asian-African Youth Festivals and three China-Africa Youth Galas have been held since 2012. The 1st China-Africa Future Leaders’ Dialogue was held in 2021. As of 2020, the Chinese Government has dispatched 484 young volunteers to 16 African countries. It has established contacts and exchanges with more than 100 women’s organizations in 53 African countries. Centers dedicated to friendly exchanges or training among women have been established in Mauritius, Lesotho, Djibouti, Zimbabwe and Sudan. + +5. Cooperation on Peace and Security + +Without security and stability, there can be no development. As a constructive participant in peace and security affairs in Africa, China has always championed the principle of African people solving African issues in their own ways, and advocated the need to address root causes as well as symptoms and seek cooperation for the benefit of all parties. It supports the right of African countries and the AU to play a leading role in the region’s peace and security affairs. China supports their efforts to promote peace and stability and fight against terrorism. China endorses the “Silence the Guns in Africa” initiative in countries and regional organizations such as the AU. China will continue to support the UN in providing financial support for the AU’s independent peacekeeping operations. Based on the principles of respecting the will of African countries, not interfering in African countries’ internal affairs, and observing the basic norms governing international relations, China is actively exploring constructive participation in promoting and maintaining peace and security in Africa. + + + +China and Africa continue to expand exchanges and hold dialogues in the field of peace and security. Since 2019, China has co-hosted or hosted the Dialogue on the Implementation of China-Africa Peace and Security Initiative, the First China-Africa Peace and Security Forum, and the Video Conference on Military Medicine under the forum. It has also actively participated in important conferences or forums held by African countries in related fields. The Chinese Government’s Special Representative for African Affairs has actively engaged in mediation efforts in Africa, and played a unique and constructive role in Africa’s peace and security endeavors. Through various means such as port calls and joint exercises and training, China has provided strong support to African countries in strengthening national defense and the armed forces, and to countries in the Sahel region and those bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Guinea in upholding security and combating terrorism in their regions. China has launched assistance programs and helped train African military personnel under the Belt and Road Initiative, and in areas of law and order, UN peacekeeping missions, fighting piracy and combating terrorism. China supports the UN in playing an important role in maintaining peace and stability in Africa. Among the permanent members of the UN Security Council, China has sent the largest number of peacekeepers to the continent. + +Since China first took part in UN peacekeeping operations in 1990, more than 80 percent of its peacekeepers have been deployed in Africa. Over 30,000 Chinese peacekeepers have been sent to Africa to perform tasks in 17 peacekeeping mission areas. More than 1,800 peacekeepers are currently performing missions in five of these areas – Mali, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC), Abyei, South Sudan and Western Sahara. In accordance with UN Security Council resolutions, the PLA Navy has deployed regular convoys in the Gulf of Aden since 2008. To date it has dispatched 39 escort taskforces, providing protection to approximately 7,000 Chinese and foreign vessels in about 1,400 groups. China also decided to donate 300,000 doses of Covid-19 vaccine to UN peacekeepers, with priority given to those in African mission areas. As of August 2020, a total of 11 Chinese military peacekeepers had sacrificed their lives for the noble cause of peace in Africa. + +China and Africa embrace the expansion of orderly personnel exchanges. They have worked on consular cooperation, increased cooperation between law enforcement departments, and acted against various cross-border crimes. In 2019 Chinese citizens made 607,000 visits to the African continent, while the number of African visitors to China reached 685,000. Growth in personnel exchanges promotes the rapid development of consular relations. In terms of strengthening law enforcement capacity in African countries, since 2018 China has trained over 2,000 African law enforcement officers and provided police supplies. It has dispatched peacekeeping police to African mission areas under the aegis of the UN, and collaborated in dealing with criminal cases, intelligence exchanges, experience-sharing and joint operations under the framework of Interpol. + +III. Strengthening Mutual Support + +Friendly relations between the PRC and Africa have endured through more than half a century and withstood the test of time. The two sides have always stood firmly together at critical junctures and on major issues. African countries have provided important support for China’s endeavors to safeguard its sovereignty, security and development interests, promote reunification, and achieve national rejuvenation through development. China has firmly supported African countries in realizing national independence, following development paths that fit their national conditions, promoting regional integration, and strengthening themselves through unity. China and Africa have joined forces in confronting the grave challenge posed by Covid-19, further reinforcing their friendship. The solidarity between the Chinese and African peoples enables them to overcome difficulties and obstacles and build a bright future. + +1. Upholding International Equity and Justice + +China and Africa are important partners in advancing the reform of the global governance system and the reshaping of the international order. Fifty years ago, at its 26th Session, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758 by an overwhelming majority, restoring the lawful seat of the PRC in the United Nations. Since then, China has played a role of growing importance on the international stage. Among the 76 votes in favor of the resolution, 26 were cast by African countries, while 11 of the 23 sponsors of the draft resolution were from Africa. In the current complex and volatile international situation, China and Africa are jointly advancing multilateralism. They unequivocally oppose protectionism and unilateralism, support each other on issues involving the core interests and major concerns of either side, and safeguard the common interests of developing countries. The theory and practice of China-Africa cooperation provide examples for developing countries in handling international affairs, and important references to the reform of the global governance system. + +– Practicing true multilateralism. Holding high the banner of multilateralism, China and Africa steadfastly support the international system with the United Nations at the core, the international order underpinned by international law, and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. The two sides earnestly maintain international fairness and justice and push the international order in a fairer and more reasonable direction. They reject unilateralism and protectionism, and safeguard an open world economy and the multilateral trade system. China and Africa firmly support an increase in the representation and say of developing countries in the international governance system, especially African countries. When casting its vote in the United Nations, China always stands for developing countries. + + + +– Jointly safeguarding legitimate rights. China and Africa understand and support each other on major issues such as those related to their sovereignty, territorial integrity, national dignity, and development interests. All African countries with diplomatic ties with China strictly abide by the one-China principle and firmly support China’s reunification. China steadfastly supports African countries in safeguarding sovereignty and independence, calls on the international community to assist African countries in safeguarding their right to subsistence and development, objects to any form of racism and racial discrimination, and actively pushes for the lifting of unreasonable unilateral sanctions against African countries. + +Within the Security Council, China and three African members have established a “1 + 3” consultation mechanism to exchange views on and coordinate responses to major international and regional issues. Since 2017 while holding the rotating presidency of the UN Security Council, China has initiated open debates on “Enhancing African Capacities in Peace and Security”, “Peace and Security in Africa: Strengthening Peacekeeping Operations in Africa”, “Peace and Security in Africa: Countering Terrorism and Extremism in Africa”, and “Peace and Security in Africa: Addressing Root Causes of Conflict in Post-pandemic Recovery in Africa”. These have pushed the international community to strengthen unity and cooperation and provide stronger support for Africa’s lasting peace. + +China and Africa have both proposed that the rights to subsistence and development are seen as the primary and basic human rights, that equal importance is attached to all human rights, that exchanges and cooperation on human rights are carried out on the basis of equality and mutual respect, and that individual countries’ right in choosing their development paths is respected. They both oppose politicization of human right issues and double standards, and object to interference in other countries’ internal affairs under the pretext of championing human rights. + +In response to Western anti-China forces’ mudslinging and false accusations on China in regard to Xinjiang- and Hong Kong-related issues, African countries, alongside other developing countries, have voiced their collective or individual support for China’s position, at the UN Human Rights Council and the General Assembly’s Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs Committee, commonly referred to as the “Third Committee.” African countries agree with China’s human rights principles, and support the resolution on the contribution of development to the enjoyment of all human rights and the resolution on promoting win-win cooperation in the field of human rights proposed by China at the Human Rights Council. + +China calls on the international community to press forward with reform of global economic governance and offer concrete support for Africa’s development. During the G20 Hangzhou Summit, at the initiation of China, a G20 Initiative in Support of Industrialization of Africa and Other Least Developed Countries was issued. In 2015, China announced the establishment of a China-UN Peace and Development Fund. Between 2016 and 2020, its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Sub-Fund sponsored 34 projects in fields such as poverty alleviation, health, energy access, technology innovation, and infrastructure, with African countries being the major beneficiaries. In May 2021, China and Africa launched the Initiative on Partnership for Africa’s Development together. The two sides share the view that supporting the development of Africa is the consensus and shared responsibility of the international community. + +China calls on international partners to increase support to Africa in such areas as response to Covid-19 and other pandemics and post-Covid reconstruction, and to pool resources in those areas where Africa’s most urgent needs lie, with a view to providing greater impetus to Africa’s development. + +2. Jointly Combating Covid-19 + +Confronted by Covid-19, China and Africa have withstood a severe challenge, helping each other and fighting side by side to defeat the pandemic through solidarity and cooperation. + +In June 2020, the Extraordinary China-Africa Summit on Solidarity against Covid-19 was held via video link, making China the first country in the world to convene an anti-pandemic summit with Africa. It has provided a guide for international anti-pandemic cooperation with Africa, and injected new impetus into global anti-pandemic cooperation. At the summit, President Xi elaborated on important policies on advancing China-Africa cooperation and strengthening international cooperation amid the pandemic. He called for the accelerated implementation of the outcomes of the FOCAC Beijing Summit, with greater priority to be given to cooperation in the areas of public health, economic reopening, and people’s livelihoods. He also announced a series of measures regarding anti-pandemic assistance to Africa, debt relief, debt service suspension, and economic reopening, which have been highly praised and widely welcomed in Africa. Participating leaders issued the Joint Statement of the Extraordinary China-Africa Summit on Solidarity against Covid-19, agreeing to join forces in resolutely fighting the pandemic, pressing for cooperation, practicing multilateralism, and enhancing friendship. Since the summit the two sides have closely worked together on pandemic prevention and control, resuming economic activity, and restoring and progressing China-Africa cooperation. + +During the toughest times in China’s fight against the epidemic, African countries and regional organizations such as the AU rendered strong support and assistance to China through various means. In February 2020, the Executive Council of the AU issued a communiqué in support of China’s anti-epidemic efforts – the first time an important regional organization and an entire continent had offered China such support. Those expressing their support and sympathy also included the heads of state of 48 African countries, heads of government of 11 countries, 12 speakers of legislative bodies, and the chairperson of the AU Commission, who all sent letters or telegrams. The governments of 10 countries issued statements; foreign ministers of 18 countries sent letters; and participants of an AU Peace and Security Council meeting, an emergency meeting of African health ministers and other meetings of major regional organizations also expressed sympathy. Though few African countries are wealthy, they still actively donated money and supplies to China, and some African students studying in China also joined the local fight against the epidemic. + +After Covid-19 struck Africa, China immediately offered humanitarian assistance, the largest such program in scale and the most difficult to implement since the founding of the PRC. Since 2020, in coordination with local governments, enterprises and social organizations, the Central Government of China has provided emergency anti-pandemic supplies – including 120 batches of nucleic test reagents, protective gear, masks, eye protectors and ventilators – to 53 African countries and the AU based on their respective needs, with these emergency supplies reaching almost all areas across the continent. China has also actively shared its anti-epidemic experience with African countries, and dispatched anti-epidemic medical expert groups or short-term anti-epidemic medical teams to 17 African countries to fight the epidemic alongside local people. It also pushed for the earlier start of the construction of the headquarters of the Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), a project assisted by China. + +China actively honors its commitment to make vaccines a global public good. At the time when Chinese vaccines had just reached the market and domestic supply was tight, China began to supply vaccines to Africa in support of its battle against the pandemic. By November 12, 2021, China had provided over 1.7 billon doses of Covid-19 vaccine to more than 110 countries and organizations, including 50 African countries and the AU Commission, and is striving to provide a total of 2 billion doses by the end of 2021. In addition to donating $100 million to COVAX, China will donate 100 million doses of vaccine to developing countries including those in Africa. Chinese firms are actively engaging in joint vaccine production in Africa with local firms, helping countries, in accordance with their wishes, to realize localized vaccine production. To date they have started localized production in Egypt, and signed cooperative agreements with Morocco and Algeria. + +To help African countries cope with the pandemic and overcome temporary difficulties, China supports the effort to reduce the debt burden on African countries, and is actively implementing the G20’s Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI). Among G20 members, China ranks first in terms of the amount of deferred debt, having signed debt service suspension agreements or reached consensus with 19 African countries. China supports extending the DSSI till the end of 2021, and is working with relevant members to implement the Common Framework for Debt Treatments beyond the Debt Service Suspension Initiative. For countries experiencing a very serious epidemic situation and under particularly severe pressure, China, together with other stakeholders, will provide support on a case-by-case basis. + +3. Winning the Battle against Ebola Together + +In 2014, Ebola broke out in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. At a time when African people were in difficulties, China offered a helping hand, setting an example for the international community. China was the first to aid Guinea and Sierra Leone, and was the only country to provide laboratories to the epidemic-hit areas in West Africa and set up observation and treatment centers there. China provided rapid, practical and comprehensive anti-Ebola assistance to a total value of RMB750 million, and dispatched nine chartered planes to transport supplies and personnel. It sent more than 1,200 clinical and public health experts to Africa to combat Ebola alongside local medical workers. Chinese medical workers trained some 13,000 local medical workers. China also helped Ebola-stricken countries to build laboratories and treatment centers. Those assistance programs constituted the largest at the time among China’s overseas assistance programs in response to public crises in terms of duration, coverage, scale and intensity. Chinese diplomats, medical teams, peacekeepers, and corporate employees chose to stay in Africa rather than evacuate. They managed to overcome their own fear of the epidemic, and thereby gave confidence to local people as well. Chinese and Africans confronted the disaster with sincere friendship, sharing weal and woe. + +In 2018, when Ebola broke out again in the DRC, China provided timely emergency humanitarian aid including supplies, money, experts, medicine and training to the country and its neighboring countries including Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda, as well as the AU, helping them to promptly contain the epidemic. + +4. Jointly Coping with Natural Disasters + +China has always attached importance to disaster relief in Africa, helping it to respond to various natural disasters and humanitarian crises, and providing emergency humanitarian assistance through multilateral organizations such as the UN, the World Food Programme, and the International Committee of the Red Cross. + +Chinese people will not forget that in 2008 when China was struck by a devastating earthquake, Equatorial Guinea, a country with only 2 million people, donated 2 million euros, averaging 1 euro per person. The Republic of the Congo donated $1 million after the Wenchuan earthquake, and $2 million for building a primary school after the Yushu earthquake. + +In return, China has carried out programs in fields such as food, water supply, women and children’s health, and education in 40-plus disaster-stricken African countries, benefiting more than 10 million people, and strongly boosting their economic recovery and social development. + +In 2019, cyclone Idai swept across Southeast Africa. China provided emergency humanitarian supplies to Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi, and dispatched an international rescue team of 65 members to the severely-stricken Mozambique, treating more than 3,000 locals. At the end of 2019, locusts plagued the Horn of Africa, threatening the livelihoods of more than 30 million people. In early 2020, though hit by Covid-19, China still provided locust-eradication emergency supplies and aid to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda, and allocated funds from the China-FAO South-South Cooperation Trust Fund to assist the three countries to buy prevention and control supplies and carry on capacity building activities. + +IV. Breaking New Ground in China-Africa Relations + +Currently, the global governance system and the international order are changing at an accelerating rate, and the international balance of power is undergoing a profound adjustment. Covid-19 further shows that the fates of all countries in the world are interconnected. Standing at a historical crossroads, China and Africa need to further consolidate their partnership, and build a China-Africa community of shared future in the new era. The two sides will steadfastly reinforce their traditional friendship, promote mutually beneficial cooperation, and safeguard common interests. They will continue to set the pace of cooperation through FOCAC, support the Belt and Road Initiative, bring the China-Africa comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership to a higher level, and deliver a brighter future together. + +1. Boosting Cooperation Through FOCAC + +At the initiative of both China and African countries, FOCAC was inaugurated at its first Ministerial Conference in Beijing in October 2000, with the goals of responding to the challenges emerging from economic globalization, and seeking common development. Over the past two decades, FOCAC has become an important platform for collective dialogue between China and Africa and an effective mechanism for pragmatic cooperation. It has turned into a pacesetter for international cooperation with Africa in the new era. + +FOCAC now has 55 members comprising China, the 53 African countries that have diplomatic relations with China, and the AU Commission. The FOCAC Ministerial Conference is held once every three years, rotating between China and African countries and co-chaired by China and an African hosting country, with the co-chairs also taking the lead in implementing conference outcomes. Based on mutual agreements, some of the ministerial conferences have been upgraded into summits. To date three summits (the Beijing Summit in November 2006, the Johannesburg Summit in December 2015, and the Beijing Summit in September 2018) and seven ministerial conferences have been convened. These have yielded rich fruits, releasing a series of important documents to guide cooperation, and promoting the implementation of a series of major measures to facilitate development in Africa and solidify China-Africa friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation. + +At the end of November 2021, FOCAC will meet in African co-chair country Senegal. The meeting will evaluate the implementation of the outcomes of the 2018 Beijing Summit, and make plans for friendly cooperation in the next phase. This will be an important diplomatic event for China and Africa to discuss cooperation plans and promote common development, and will be of great importance in promoting post-pandemic economic recovery and development in Africa, China and the world at large. China will work closely with Africa to align China’s Second Centenary Goal of building a great modern socialist country by the middle of the century with the AU’s Agenda 2063. Together the two sides will plan and discuss the outcomes to be adopted at this FOCAC meeting regarding such key areas as health, investment and trade, industrialization, agricultural modernization, climate change responses and digital economy, and both will make every effort to produce a meeting that will build new consensus, explore new fields of cooperation, and be of benefit to both the Chinese and African peoples. + +2. Promoting Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative + +As part of the history of the Belt and Road, Africa is a natural partner of the initiative. In the past, the Maritime Silk Road brought Chinese tea, porcelain and development experience to Africa, promoting friendship and mutual learning, and it was thus recorded in history as a road of friendship. Since its inception, the new initiative has earned active support and participation from African countries. The cooperation between China and Africa under the initiative has a bright future. + +The Belt and Road Initiative is not a “solo”, but an “orchestra” in which the participation of both China and African countries is essential. In December 2015, South Africa became the first African country to sign an agreement on cooperation with China under the Belt and Road Initiative. Leaders of Kenya, Ethiopia, Egypt, Djibouti and Mozambique participated in the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in 2017 and 2019, contributing to the initiative’s cooperative mechanism. At the 2018 FOCAC Beijing Summit, China and Africa agreed to strengthen China-Africa cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative. To date, almost all African countries with diplomatic ties with China have already signed agreements on cooperation under the initiative. China and the AU Commission signed the Cooperation Plan on Jointly Promoting the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road between the Government of the PRC and the African Union, the first agreement of its kind signed between China and a regional organization. + +In recent years, connectivity between China and Africa under the Belt and Road Initiative has also expanded at a faster pace. A number of transport infrastructure projects have been completed and opened to traffic, including the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway, the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway in Kenya, No. 1 National Highway of the Republic of the Congo, the Thies-Touba highway in Senegal, the Port Gentil-Omboue coastal road and the Booué Bridge in Gabon, and the first and second phases of the Nigeria Railway Modernization Project. Projects such as the Doraleh Multi-Purpose Port in Djibouti and the Lome Container Terminal in Togo have been successful in increasing entrepot trade. These projects have played an important role in boosting regional connectivity and integration. To date China has signed civil aviation transport agreements with 21 African countries, bilateral airworthiness agreements with 12 African countries, and bilateral intergovernmental marine shipping agreements with eight African countries. + +Currently, both China and Africa have entered a new development stage. China is promoting a new development paradigm with domestic economy and international engagement providing mutual reinforcement, and the former as the mainstay. China’s development will create more opportunities for Africa’s development. With the official launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area, Africa’s economic integration is accelerating, providing more room for growth in China-Africa cooperation. The two sides will focus on boosting quality development and further align the goals of the Belt and Road Initiative with those of the AU’s Agenda 2063, the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the development strategies of individual African countries. They will build the Belt and Road into a road to peace, prosperity, openness, green development, innovation and cultural exchanges, and create a China-Africa community of shared future in the new era. + + + +3. Raising China-Africa Relations to a New Level + +The key to the vitality of China-Africa relations is keeping abreast of the times and developing and innovating relationships. For more than half a century, at every critical juncture, the two sides have employed far-sighted vision and always succeeded in finding new common ground and growth drivers. At this new historical starting point, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and Xi Jinping Thought on Foreign Affairs, China will adhere to the principles of sincerity, affinity, good faith and practical results, uphold the values of shared interests and the greater good, and work together with African countries to advance high-quality cooperation and build a China-Africa community of shared future. + +– Laying a solid foundation for friendship and raising mutual political trust to a new level. China and Africa will maintain the momentum of high-level exchanges, expand friendly cooperation between political parties, legislative bodies, political advisory bodies, and local governments of the two sides. They will share governance ideas and development experience, and reinforce strategic communication and mutual trust. They will give full play to the positive role of think tanks, media, institutions of higher learning and non-governmental organizations, create a new model of multi-dimensional, multi-level and all-round cultural exchanges, strengthen people-to-people connectivity, and reinforce the traditional unbreakable China-Africa friendship. + +– Combating Covid-19 and building a China-Africa community of health for all. China will continue to provide anti-pandemic assistance to African countries, share its experience in coordinating routine epidemic prevention and control with social and economic development, and speed up cooperation with Africa on vaccines. China-Africa health cooperation is not a short-term measure, but a long-term and far-sighted strategy. It focuses on assisting Africa to improve its public health system and its capacity for controlling and preventing major communicable diseases, so as to promote a China-Africa community of health for all in the new era. + +– Boosting common development and nurturing new drivers for expanding mutually beneficial cooperation. As China and Africa enter their new stages of development, the advantages of their complementarity have become more obvious and their mutually beneficial cooperation is marked by higher quality, greater impact, and brighter prospects. The two sides will actively support their respective businesses to tap cooperation potential, nurture new growth drivers such as e-commerce, 5G network and green economy, and expand cooperation in future-oriented key fields. They will support the Global Development Initiative and a global community of shared development, so as to achieve high-quality and sustainable common development to the benefit of the Chinese and African peoples. + +– Promoting closer international cooperation to establish a fairer and more equitable international order. China and Africa are important forces in safeguarding the common interests of developing countries and in promoting world peace and development. The two sides will further strengthen strategic communication and coordination on international affairs, and firmly safeguard the democratization of international relations. They will make concerted efforts to tackle common challenges facing humanity by fighting epidemics, alleviating poverty, combating terrorism, and dealing with climate change. They will work together to uphold true multilateralism, the common interests of developing countries, the international system with the United Nations at the core, the international order underpinned by international law, and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. + +Conclusion + +China has eliminated the historical problem of absolute poverty, and achieved moderate prosperity in all respects. It has embarked on a new journey toward building China into a modern socialist country by the time the PRC celebrates its centenary in 2049. + +Africa is experiencing a flowing tide of solidarity and self-strengthening, and the continent’s influence in international affairs continues to grow. It is now forging ahead with the development of free trade zones, accelerating industrialization and modernization, and heading towards the bright future envisioned in the AU’s Agenda 2063. + +The world is going through profound change of a scale unseen in a century. In the face of new opportunities and challenges, China and Africa will further strengthen solidarity and cooperation. China will continue its steadfast support for African countries in pursuing the development paths fitting their respective national conditions, promoting Africa integration, and safeguarding their sovereignty, security and development interests. + +China will work together with African countries to promote the Belt and Road Initiative, build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, and bring more gains to the Chinese and African peoples, thus making a greater contribution to lasting world peace and prosperity, and to a global community of shared future. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/utils/sent_splitter.py b/utils/sent_splitter.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28c406b --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/sent_splitter.py @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +# 2021/11/30 +# bfsujason@163.com + +""" +Usage: + +python utils/sent_splitter.py \ + -i utils/zh_raw + -o utils/zh + -l zh +""" + +import os +import re +import shutil +import argparse +import pysbd + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Split multilingual sentences using pySBD') + parser.add_argument('-i', '--input', type=str, required=True, help='Directory for raw files.') + parser.add_argument('-o', '--output', type=str, required=True, help='Directory for split files.') + parser.add_argument('-l', '--language', type=str, required=True, help='ISO 639-1 language code.') + args = parser.parse_args() + + make_dir(args.output) + splitter = pysbd.Segmenter(language=args.language, clean=False) + for file in os.listdir(args.input): + print("Splitting file {} ...".format(file)) + sents = split_sents(os.path.join(args.input, file), splitter) + write_sents(os.path.join(args.output, file), sents) + +def write_sents(fp, sents): + with open(fp, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f: + for sent in sents: + f.write(sent + '\n') + +def split_sents(fp, splitter): + paras = get_paras(fp) + sents_in_para = [] + for para in paras: + cur_sents = splitter.segment(para) + sents_in_para.append(cur_sents) + sents = [j for sub in sents_in_para for j in sub] + return sents + +def get_paras(fp): + paras = [] + with open(fp, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as f: + for line in f: + line = line.strip() + if line: + line = re.sub('\s+', ' ', line) + paras.append(line) + return paras + +def make_dir(path): + if os.path.isdir(path): + shutil.rmtree(path) + os.makedirs(path, exist_ok=True) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() diff --git a/utils/zh/001 b/utils/zh/001 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ba1b08 --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/zh/001 @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +中国的生物多样性保护 +中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 +（2021年10月） +目录 +前言 +一、秉持人与自然和谐共生理念 +二、提高生物多样性保护成效 +（一）优化就地保护体系 +（二）完善迁地保护体系 +（三）加强生物安全管理 +（四）改善生态环境质量 +（五）协同推进绿色发展 +三、提升生物多样性治理能力 +（一）完善政策法规 +（二）强化能力保障 +（三）加强执法监督 +（四）倡导全民行动 +四、深化全球生物多样性保护合作 +（一）积极履行国际公约 +（二）增进国际交流合作 +结束语 +前言 +“生物多样性”是生物（动物、植物、微生物）与环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的总和，包括生态系统、物种和基因三个层次。 +生物多样性关系人类福祉，是人类赖以生存和发展的重要基础。 +人类必须尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，加大生物多样性保护力度，促进人与自然和谐共生。 +1972年，联合国召开人类环境会议，与会各国共同签署了《人类环境宣言》，生物资源保护被列入二十六项原则之中。 +1993年，《生物多样性公约》正式生效，公约确立了保护生物多样性、可持续利用其组成部分以及公平合理分享由利用遗传资源而产生的惠益三大目标，全球生物多样性保护开启了新纪元。 +中国幅员辽阔，陆海兼备，地貌和气候复杂多样，孕育了丰富而又独特的生态系统、物种和遗传多样性，是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一。 +中国的传统文化积淀了丰富的生物多样性智慧，“天人合一”“道法自然”“万物平等”等思想和理念体现了朴素的生物多样性保护意识。 +作为最早签署和批准《生物多样性公约》的缔约方之一，中国一贯高度重视生物多样性保护，不断推进生物多样性保护与时俱进、创新发展，取得显著成效，走出了一条中国特色生物多样性保护之路。 +中共十八大以来，在习近平生态文明思想引领下，中国坚持生态优先、绿色发展，生态环境保护法律体系日臻完善、监管机制不断加强、基础能力大幅提升，生物多样性治理新格局基本形成，生物多样性保护进入新的历史时期。 +当前，全球物种灭绝速度不断加快，生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化对人类生存和发展构成重大风险。 +2020年9月30日，习近平主席在联合国生物多样性峰会上指出，要站在对人类文明负责的高度，探索人与自然和谐共生之路，凝聚全球治理合力，提升全球环境治理水平。 +中国将秉持人类命运共同体理念，继续为全球环境治理贡献力量。 +为介绍中国生物多样性保护理念和实践，增进国际社会对中国生物多样性保护的了解，特发布本白皮书。 +一、秉持人与自然和谐共生理念 +中国生物多样性保护以建设美丽中国为目标，积极适应新形势新要求，不断加强和创新生物多样性保护举措，持续完善生物多样性保护体制，努力促进人与自然、人与人、人与社会和谐共生、良性循环、全面发展、持续繁荣。 +面对全球生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化，中国秉持人与自然和谐共生理念，坚持保护优先、绿色发展，形成了政府主导、全民参与，多边治理、合作共赢的机制，推动中国生物多样性保护不断取得新成效，为应对全球生物多样性挑战作出新贡献。 +——坚持尊重自然、保护优先。 +牢固树立尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的理念，在社会发展中优先考虑生物多样性保护，以生态本底和自然禀赋为基础，科学配置自然和人工保护修复措施，对重要生态系统、生物物种及遗传资源实施有效保护，保障生态安全和生物安全。 +——坚持绿色发展、持续利用。 +践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念，将生物多样性作为可持续发展的基础、目标和手段，科学、合理和可持续利用生物资源，给自然生态留下休养生息的时间和空间，推动生产和生活方式的绿色转型和升级，从保护自然中寻找发展机遇，实现生物多样性保护和经济高质量发展双赢。 +——坚持制度先行、统筹推进。 +不断强化生物多样性保护国家战略地位，长远谋划顶层设计，分级落实主体责任，建立健全政府主导、企业行动和公众参与的生物多样性保护长效机制。 +强化中国生物多样性保护国家委员会统筹协调作用，持续完善生物多样性保护、可持续利用和惠益分享相关法律法规和政策制度，构建生物多样性保护和治理新格局。 +——坚持多边主义、合作共赢。 +加强生物多样性保护，促进人与自然和谐共生，已成为国际交流对话的重要内容。 +中国坚定支持生物多样性多边治理体系，切实履行《生物多样性公约》及其他相关环境条约义务，积极承担与发展水平相称的国际责任，向其他发展中国家提供力所能及的援助，不断深化生物多样性领域交流合作，携手应对全球生物多样性挑战，为实现人与自然和谐共生美好愿景发挥更大作用。 +二、提高生物多样性保护成效 +中国坚持在发展中保护、在保护中发展，提出并实施国家公园体制建设和生态保护红线划定等重要举措，不断强化就地与迁地保护，加强生物安全管理，持续改善生态环境质量，协同推进生物多样性保护与绿色发展，生物多样性保护取得显著成效。 +（一）优化就地保护体系 +中国不断推进自然保护地建设，启动国家公园体制试点，构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，率先在国际上提出和实施生态保护红线制度，明确了生物多样性保护优先区域，保护了重要自然生态系统和生物资源，在维护重要物种栖息地方面发挥了积极作用。 +构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系。 +自1956年建立第一个自然保护区以来，截至目前，中国已建立各级各类自然保护地近万处，约占陆域国土面积的18%。 +近年来，中国积极推动建立以国家公园为主体、自然保护区为基础、各类自然公园为补充的自然保护地体系，为保护栖息地、改善生态环境质量和维护国家生态安全奠定基础。 +2015年以来，先后启动三江源等10处国家公园体制试点，整合相关自然保护地划入国家公园范围，实行统一管理、整体保护和系统修复。 +通过构建科学合理的自然保护地体系，90%的陆地生态系统类型和71%的国家重点保护野生动植物物种得到有效保护。 +野生动物栖息地空间不断拓展，种群数量不断增加。 +大熊猫野外种群数量40年间从1114只增加到1864只，朱鹮由发现之初的7只增长至目前野外种群和人工繁育种群总数超过5000只，亚洲象野外种群数量从上世纪80年代的180头增加到目前的300头左右，海南长臂猿野外种群数量从40年前的仅存两群不足10只增长到五群35只。 +划定并严守生态保护红线。 +生态保护红线是中国国土空间规划和生态环境体制机制改革的重要制度创新。 +中国创新生态空间保护模式，将具有生物多样性维护等生态功能极重要区域和生态极脆弱区域划入生态保护红线，进行严格保护。 +初步划定的生态保护红线，集中分布于青藏高原、天山山脉、内蒙古高原、大小兴安岭、秦岭、南岭，以及黄河流域、长江流域、海岸带等重要生态安全屏障和区域。 +生态保护红线涵盖森林、草原、荒漠、湿地、红树林、珊瑚礁及海草床等重要生态系统，覆盖全国生物多样性分布的关键区域，保护绝大多数珍稀濒危物种及其栖息地。 +中国“划定生态保护红线，减缓和适应气候变化”行动倡议，入选联合国“基于自然的解决方案”全球15个精品案例。 +生态保护红线的划定与生物多样性保护具有高度的战略契合性、目标协同性和空间一致性，将有效提升生态系统服务功能，维护国家生态安全及经济社会可持续发展所必需的最基本生态空间。 +确定中国生物多样性保护优先区域。 +中国打破行政区域界线，连通现有自然保护地，充分考虑重要生物地理单元和生态系统类型的完整性，划定35个生物多样性保护优先区域。 +其中，32个陆域优先区域总面积276.3万平方公里，约占陆地国土面积的28.8%，对于有效保护重要生态系统、物种及其栖息地具有重要意义。 +（二）完善迁地保护体系 +中国持续加大迁地保护力度，系统实施濒危物种拯救工程，生物遗传资源的收集保存水平显著提高，迁地保护体系日趋完善，成为就地保护的有效补充，多种濒危野生动植物得到保护和恢复。 +逐步完善迁地保护体系。 +建立了植物园、野生动物救护繁育基地以及种质资源库、基因库等较为完备的迁地保护体系。 +截至目前，建立植物园（树木园）近200个，保存植物2.3万余种；建立250处野生动物救护繁育基地，60多种珍稀濒危野生动物人工繁殖成功。 +加快重要生物遗传资源收集保存和利用。 +中国高度重视生物资源保护，近年来在生物资源调查、收集、保存等方面取得较大进展。 +实施战略生物资源计划专项，完善生物资源收集收藏平台，建立种质资源创新平台、遗传资源衍生库和天然化合物转化平台，持续加强野生生物资源保护和利用。 +实施一批种质资源保护和育种创新项目，截至2020年底，形成了以国家作物种质长期库及其复份库为核心、10座中期库与43个种质圃为支撑的国家作物种质资源保护体系，建立了199个国家级畜禽遗传资源保种场（区、库），为90%以上的国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录品种建立了国家级保种单位，长期保存作物种质资源52万余份、畜禽遗传资源96万份。 +建设99个国家级林木种质资源保存库，以及新疆、山东2个国家级林草种质资源设施保存库国家分库，保存林木种质资源4.7万份。 +建设31个药用植物种质资源保存圃和2个种质资源库，保存种子种苗1.2万多份。 +系统实施濒危物种拯救工程。 +中国实施濒危物种拯救工程，对部分珍稀濒危野生动物进行抢救性保护，通过人工繁育扩大种群，并最终实现放归自然。 +人工繁育大熊猫数量呈快速优质增长，大熊猫受威胁程度等级从“濒危”降为“易危”，实现野外放归并成功融入野生种群。 +曾经野外消失的麋鹿在北京南海子、江苏大丰、湖北石首分别建立了三大保护种群，总数已突破8000只。 +此外，中国还针对德保苏铁、华盖木、百山祖冷杉等120种极小种群野生植物开展抢救性保护，112种我国特有的珍稀濒危野生植物实现野外回归。 +（三）加强生物安全管理 +中国高度重视生物安全，把生物安全纳入国家安全体系，颁布实施生物安全法，系统规划国家生物安全风险防控和治理体系建设。 +外来物种入侵防控机制逐渐完善，生物技术健康发展，生物遗传资源保护和监管力度不断增强，国家生物安全管理能力持续提高。 +严密防控外来物种入侵。 +持续加强对外来物种入侵的防范和应对，完善外来入侵物种防控制度，建立外来入侵物种防控部际协调机制，推动联防联控。 +陆续发布4批《中国自然生态系统外来入侵物种名单》，制定《国家重点管理外来入侵物种名录》，共计公布83种外来入侵物种。 +启动外来入侵物种普查，开展外来入侵物种监测预警、防控灭除和监督管理。 +加强外来物种口岸防控，严防境外动植物疫情疫病和外来物种传入，筑牢口岸检疫防线。 +完善转基因生物安全管理。 +严格规范生物技术及其产品的安全管理，积极推动生物技术有序健康发展。 +先后颁布实施《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》《农业转基因生物安全评价管理办法》《生物技术研究开发安全管理办法》《进出境转基因产品检验检疫管理办法》等法律法规。 +开展转基因生物安全检测与评价，防范转基因生物环境释放可能对生物多样性保护及可持续利用产生的不利影响。 +发布转基因生物安全评价、检测及监管技术标准200余项，转基因生物安全管理体系逐渐完善。 +强化生物遗传资源监管。 +加强对生物遗传资源保护、获取、利用和惠益分享的管理和监督，保障生物遗传资源安全。 +开展重要生物遗传资源调查和保护成效评估，查明生物遗传资源本底，查清重要生物遗传资源分布、保护及利用现状。 +组织开展第四次全国中药资源普查，获得1.3万多种中药资源的种类和分布等信息，其中3150种为中国特有种。 +正在开展的第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动，已收集作物种质资源9.2万份，其中90%以上为新发现资源。 +2021年启动的第三次全国畜禽遗传资源普查，已完成新发现的8个畜禽遗传资源初步鉴定工作。 +组织开展第一次全国林草种质资源普查，已完成秦岭地区调查试点工作。 +近10年来，中国平均每年发现植物新种约200种，占全球植物年增新种数的十分之一。 +加快推进生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享相关立法进程，持续强化生物遗传资源保护和监管，防止生物遗传资源流失和无序利用。 +（四）改善生态环境质量 +加大生态保护修复力度，提升生态系统质量和稳定性，对维护国家生态安全具有基础性、战略性作用。 +中国实施系列生态保护修复工程，不断加大生态修复力度，统筹推进山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护和系统治理，生态恶化趋势基本得到遏制，自然生态系统总体稳定向好，服务功能逐步增强；坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战，极大缓解了生物多样性保护压力，生态环境质量持续改善，国家生态安全屏障骨架基本构筑。 +实施系列生态保护修复工程。 +以恢复退化生态系统、增强生态系统稳定性和提升生态系统质量为目标，持续开展多项生态保护修复工程，有效改善和恢复了重点区域野生动植物生境。 +稳步实施天然林保护修复、京津风沙源治理工程、石漠化综合治理、三北防护林工程等重点防护林体系建设、退耕还林还草、退牧还草以及河湖与湿地保护修复、红树林与滨海湿地保护修复等一批重大生态保护与修复工程，实施25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点，启动10个山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程。 +制定实施《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划（2021－2035年）》，确定了新时代“三区四带”生态保护修复总体布局。 +中国森林面积和森林蓄积连续30年保持“双增长”，成为全球森林资源增长最多的国家，荒漠化、沙化土地面积连续3个监测期实现了“双缩减”，草原综合植被盖度达到56.1%，草原生态状况持续向好。 +2016－2020年期间，累计整治修复岸线1200公里，滨海湿地2.3万公顷。 +2000－2017年全球新增的绿化面积中，约25%来自中国，贡献比例居世界首位。 +坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战。 +良好的环境质量是保护生物多样性的基础条件，也是生物多样性保护的应有之义。 +中国坚决向污染宣战，打响蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，污染防治力度不断加大，取得显著成效。 +2020年，全国细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度为33微克/立方米，比2015年下降28.3%，优良天数比例比2015年上升5.8个百分点；全国地表水国控断面水质优良（Ⅰ～Ⅲ类）和丧失使用功能（劣Ⅴ类）水体比例分别为83.4%和0.6%，比2015年分别提高17.4个百分点和降低9.1个百分点；全国近岸海域优良水质（一、二类）面积比例为77.4%，较2015年上升9个百分点；全国受污染耕地安全利用率和污染地块安全利用率均超过90%。 +生态环境质量改善优化了物种生境，恢复了各类生态系统功能，有效缓解了生物多样性丧失压力。 +（五）协同推进绿色发展 +在经济社会发展过程中，中国注重以自然承载力为基础，加快转变经济发展方式，倡导绿色低碳生活，协同推进高水平生物多样性保护和高质量发展。 +加快行业产业绿色转型。 +贯彻新发展理念，坚持保护优先、绿色发展，推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型，促进经济发展与生态环境保护相协调，减少对生物多样性的压力。 +加快建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系，优化产业结构，提高资源利用效率和清洁生产水平，提升绿色产业比重，加快一二三产业和基础设施绿色转型和升级。 +鼓励发展生态种植、生态养殖和可持续经营，加强生物资源养护，制定可持续生产标准指南，加强绿色食品、有机农产品、森林生态标志产品、可持续水产品等绿色产品认证，发挥科技创新作用，强化农业、林业、渔业、畜牧业等领域的生物多样性保护与可持续利用。 +实施特许猎捕证制度、采集证制度、驯养繁殖许可证制度等重点野生动植物利用管理制度，鼓励保护和可持续利用优良生物资源。 +推进城乡建设绿色发展进程。 +以生物多样性保护为前提，积极探索生物多样性保护与乡村振兴协同推进，培育优势资源、发展生态产业，推动城市、乡村绿色高质量发展，建设人与自然和谐相处、共生共荣的美丽家园。 +在乡村振兴过程中充分考虑生态环境因素，以促进农村进步、实现农民富裕为目标，持续加大生物资源的保护力度，助推可持续发展。 +持续开展国家生态文明建设示范区、国家环境保护模范城市、国家生态园林城市、国家园林城市等建设，着力推动城市生物多样性保护，城市生态空间格局持续优化，城市生态系统质量稳步提升，人民群众的生态环境获得感、幸福感和安全感不断增强。 +倡导并培育绿色消费、绿色出行、绿色居住等绿色低碳生活方式，减少自然资源消耗。 +探索生态产品价值实现路径。 +贯彻落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，推动生态产品价值实现和保值增值，培育经济高质量发展新动能。 +建立健全生态产品价值实现机制，着力构建“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的政策制度体系。 +在长江流域和三江源国家公园等开展生态产品价值实现机制试点，推进“绿水青山就是金山银山”实践创新基地建设，探索政府主导、企业和社会各界参与、市场化运作、可持续的生态产品价值实现路径，推动将自然生态优势转化为经济社会高质量发展优势，激发生物多样性保护内生动力。 +三、提升生物多样性治理能力 +中国将生物多样性保护上升为国家战略，把生物多样性保护纳入各地区、各领域中长期规划，完善政策法规体系，加强技术保障和人才队伍建设，加大执法监督力度，引导公众自觉参与生物多样性保护，不断提升生物多样性治理能力。 +（一）完善政策法规 +中国不断建立健全生物多样性保护政策法规体系，制定相应的中长期规划和行动计划，为生物多样性保护和管理提供制度保障。 +强化组织领导。 +成立由分管生态环境保护的国务院副总理任主任、23个国务院部门为成员的中国生物多样性保护国家委员会，统筹推进生物多样性保护工作。 +《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》明确将实施生物多样性保护重大工程、构筑生物多样性保护网络作为提升生态系统质量和稳定性的重要工作内容。 +发布并实施《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》（2011－2030年），从建立健全生物多样性保护与可持续利用的政策与法律体系等10个优先领域，以及完善跨部门协调机制等30个行动方面对加强生物多样性保护进行有力指导。 +北京、江苏、云南等22个省、自治区、直辖市制定了省级生物多样性保护战略与行动计划。 +建立生态文明建设考核目标体系，将生物多样性保护相关指标纳入地方考核，压实生物多样性保护责任。 +加强生物多样性法制建设。 +近10年来，颁布和修订森林法、草原法、渔业法、野生动物保护法、环境保护法、海洋环境保护法、种子法、长江保护法和生物安全法等20多部生物多样性相关的法律法规，覆盖野生动植物和重要生态系统保护、生物安全、生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享等领域，为生物多样性保护与可持续利用提供了坚实的法律保障。 +修订调整国家重点保护野生动植物名录，为拯救珍稀濒危野生动植物，维护生物多样性奠定基础。 +2020年，第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议通过了《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》。 +各省（自治区、直辖市）结合当地实际颁布了相关法律法规，云南省制定了全国第一部生物多样性保护的地方性法规《云南省生物多样性保护条例》。 +（二）强化能力保障 +组织开展全国生物多样性调查，建立完善生物多样性监测观测网络，不断加大资金投入和科技研发力度，生物多样性保护和治理能力全面提升。 +开展全国生物多样性调查与评估。 +大力推进生物多样性保护重大工程实施，结合自然资源调查、生态系统监测评估等工作，不断完善生物多样性调查与评估能力，首次将生物多样性指标纳入生态质量综合评价指标体系，引导地方加强生态文明建设与生物多样性保护。 +开展自然资源调查，包括森林、草原、水、湿地、荒漠、海洋等，建立自然资源调查评价监测制度。 +构建了涵盖2376个县级行政单元、样线总长超过3.4万公里的物种分布数据库，建立物种资源调查及收集信息平台，准确反映野生动植物空间分布状况。 +完成长江经济带、京津冀等国家战略区域180多个县级行政区生物多样性调查与评估。 +组织开展近海渔业资源调查，初步掌握近海渔业资源状况。 +陆续发布《中国植物红皮书》《中国濒危动物红皮书》《中国物种红色名录》《中国生物多样性红色名录》，基本掌握生物多样性总体情况，为加强生物多样性保护奠定了科学基础。 +完善监测观测网络。 +中国建立起各类生态系统、物种的监测观测网络，在生物多样性理论研究、技术示范与推广以及物种与生境保护方面发挥了重要作用，为科研、教育、科普、生产等各领域提供了多样化的信息服务与决策支持。 +其中，中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）、国家陆地生态系统定位观测研究网络（CTERN）涵盖所有生态系统和要素，中国生物多样性监测与研究网络（Sino BON）覆盖动物、植物、微生物等多种生物类群，中国生物多样性观测网络（China BON）构建了覆盖全国的指示物种类群观测样区。 +加强资金保障。 +近年来，中国持续加大投入生物多样性保护领域的资金，为加强生物多样性保护提供重要保障。 +2017－2018年，连续两年安排超过2600亿资金投入生物多样性相关工作，是2008年投入的6倍。 +同时，利用财税激励措施，积极调动民间资本投入生物多样性保护。 +2020年，设立国家绿色发展基金，首期募资规模885亿元。 +强化科技与人才支撑。 +设立生物多样性保护领域研究专项，构建数据库和信息平台，完善生物多样性调查、观测和评估等相关技术和标准体系，为生物多样性保护提供有力科技支撑。 +通过“生物多样性保护专项”“典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究”“物种资源保护专项”“珍稀濒危野生动物保护专项”等一批基础科研项目，加强濒危野生动植物恢复与保护、种质资源和遗传资源保存、生物资源可持续利用和产业化等技术研发，逐步构建生物多样性保护和生物资源可持续利用技术体系。 +发挥高校和科研院所优势，推进科教融合，加强生物多样性人才培养。 +（三）加强执法监督 +开展中央生态环境保护督察，解决突出生态环境问题，改善生态环境质量，推动经济社会高质量发展。 +组织打击野生动植物非法贸易等专项执法行动，持续加大涉及生物多样性违法犯罪问题的打击整治力度，坚决制止和惩处破坏生态系统、物种和生物资源的行为。 +加大中央生态环境保护督察力度。 +2015年起，建立中央生态环境保护督察制度，逐步覆盖31个省、自治区、直辖市和国务院有关部门、部分中央企业。 +坚持问题导向，重点围绕生物多样性保护、应对气候变化、长江十年禁渔、海洋生态环境保护等重大任务开展督察，推动解决一批生态环境领域的突出问题。 +中央生态环境保护督察制度有力推动各级政府和部门承担起保护生态环境的责任，为生物多样性保护提供强大的制度保障。 +开展生物多样性保护执法检查。 +开展跨部门、跨区域和跨国联合执法行动，严厉打击珍稀濒危野生动植物走私，对涉及野生动植物交易等违法活动采取零容忍态度。 +健全野生动物保护执法监管长效机制，开展“绿盾”自然保护地强化监督、“碧海”海洋生态环境保护、“中国渔政亮剑”、“昆仑行动”等系列执法行动，对影响野生动植物及其栖息地保护的行为进行严肃查处。 +建立长江禁捕退捕的跨区域跨部门联合执法联动协作机制，加大非法捕捞专项整治力度，对相关违法犯罪行为形成高压态势。 +（四）倡导全民行动 +中国不断加强生物多样性保护宣传教育，政府加强引导、企业积极行动、公众广泛参与的行动体系基本形成，公众参与生物多样性保护的方式更加多元化，参与度全面提高。 +持续开展生物多样性保护宣传教育和科普活动，在国际生物多样性日、世界野生动植物日、世界湿地日、六五环境日、水生野生动物保护科普宣传月等重要时间节点举办系列活动，调动全社会广泛参与，进一步增强公众保护意识。 +创新宣传模式，拓宽参与渠道，完善激励政策，邀请公众在生物多样性政策制定、信息公开与公益诉讼中积极参与、建言献策，营造生物多样性保护的良好氛围。 +发布《“美丽中国，我是行动者”提升公民生态文明意识行动计划（2021－2025年）》《关于推动生态环境志愿服务发展的指导意见》，为各类社会主体和公众参与生物多样性保护工作提供指南和规范。 +成立长江江豚、海龟、中华白海豚等重点物种保护联盟，为各方力量搭建沟通协作平台。 +加入《生物多样性公约》秘书处发起的“企业与生物多样性全球伙伴关系”（GPBB）倡议，鼓励企业参与生物多样性领域工作，积极引导企业参与打击野生动植物非法贸易。 +四、深化全球生物多样性保护合作 +面对生物多样性丧失的全球性挑战，各国是同舟共济的命运共同体。 +中国坚定践行多边主义，积极开展生物多样性保护国际合作，广泛协商、凝聚共识，为推进全球生物多样性保护贡献中国智慧，与国际社会共同构建人与自然生命共同体。 +（一）积极履行国际公约 +中国积极履行《生物多样性公约》及其议定书，促进相关公约协同增效，展现大国担当，在全球生物多样性保护和治理进程中发挥重要作用。 +积极履行《生物多样性公约》及其议定书。 +1992年以来，中国坚定支持生物多样性多边治理体系，采取一系列政策和措施，切实履行公约义务。 +作为公约及其议定书的缔约方，按时高质量提交国家报告，2019年7月提交了《中国履行〈生物多样性公约〉第六次国家报告》，同年10月提交了《中国履行〈卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书〉第四次国家报告》。 +2019年以来，中国成为《生物多样性公约》及其议定书核心预算的最大捐助国，有力支持了《生物多样性公约》的运作和执行。 +近年来，中国持续加大对全球环境基金捐资力度，已成为全球环境基金最大的发展中国家捐资国，有力地支持了全球生物多样性保护。 +促进生物多样性相关公约协同增效。 +生物多样性与其他生态环境问题联系密切，中国支持协同打造更牢固的全球生态安全屏障，构筑尊重自然的生态系统，协同推动《生物多样性公约》与其他国际公约共同发挥作用。 +中国持续推进《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》《联合国气候变化框架公约》《联合国防治荒漠化公约》《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》《联合国森林文书》等进程，与相关国际机构合作建立国际荒漠化防治知识管理中心，与新西兰共同牵头组织“基于自然的解决方案”领域工作，并将其作为应对气候变化、生物多样性丧失的协同解决方案。 +2020年9月，中国宣布力争2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和，为全球应对和减缓气候变化作出中国贡献。 +推动履约取得明显成效。 +中国为推动实现2020年全球生物多样性保护目标和联合国2030年可持续发展目标作出积极贡献。 +自发布《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》（2011－2030年）以来，中国通过完善法律法规和体制机制、加强就地和迁地保护、推动公众参与、深化国际合作等政策措施，有力推动改善了生态环境。 +其中，设立陆地自然保护区、恢复和保障重要生态系统服务、增加生态系统的复原力和碳储量等3项目标超额完成，生物多样性主流化、可持续管理农林渔业、可持续生产和消费等13项目标取得良好进展。 +（二）增进国际交流合作 +中国坚持多边主义，注重广泛开展合作交流，凝聚全球生物多样性保护治理合力。 +借助“一带一路”“南南合作”等多边合作机制，为发展中国家保护生物多样性提供支持，努力构建地球生命共同体。 +建立“一带一路”绿色发展多边合作机制。 +中国将生态文明领域合作作为高质量共建“一带一路”重点内容，采取绿色基建、绿色能源、绿色金融等系列举措，为沿线国家提供资金、技术、能力建设等方面支持，帮助他们加速绿色低碳转型，持续造福沿线各国人民。 +成立“一带一路”绿色发展国际联盟，40多个国家成为合作伙伴，在生物多样性保护、全球气候变化治理与绿色转型等方面开展合作。 +建设“一带一路”生态环保大数据服务平台，吸纳100多个国家生物多样性相关数据，为“一带一路”绿色发展提供数据支持。 +实施绿色丝路使者计划，与发展中国家共同加强环保能力建设，通过开展培训、项目合作等形式，为有关国家落实《联合国2030年可持续发展议程》提供帮助。 +深化生物多样性保护“南南合作”。 +中国在“南南合作”框架下积极为发展中国家保护生物多样性提供支持，全球80多个国家受益。 +建立澜沧江－湄公河环境合作中心，定期举行澜沧江－湄公河环境合作圆桌对话，围绕生态系统管理、生物多样性保护等议题进行交流。 +建立中国－东盟环境合作中心，与东盟国家合作开发和实施“生物多样性与生态系统保护合作计划”“大湄公河次区域核心环境项目与生物多样性保护走廊计划”等项目，在生物多样性保护、廊道规划和管理以及社区生计改善等方面取得丰硕成果。 +建立中国科学院东南亚生物多样性研究中心，开展联合科学考察、重大科学研究、政策咨询与人才培养等工作。 +建立中非环境合作中心，促进环境技术合作，共享绿色发展机遇。 +广泛开展双多边合作。 +坚持共商共建共享原则，不断深化生物多样性领域对外合作。 +积极参加联合国生物多样性峰会、领导人气候峰会等国际会议及活动，为保护生物多样性、促进可持续发展注入动力。 +组织召开“2020年后全球生物多样性展望：共建地球生命共同体”部长级在线圆桌会，共商2020年后生物多样性全球治理。 +中法两国共同发布《中法生物多样性保护和气候变化北京倡议》。 +与俄罗斯、日本等国家展开候鸟保护的长期合作。 +与俄罗斯、蒙古国、老挝、越南等国家合作，建立跨境自然保护地和生态廊道，其中，中俄跨境自然保护区内物种数量持续增长，野生东北虎开始在中俄保护地间自由迁移；中老跨境生物多样性联合保护区面积达20万公顷，有效保护亚洲象等珍稀濒危物种及其栖息地。 +中国还与德国、英国、南非等分别建立双边合作机制，就生物多样性和生态系统服务、气候变化和生物安全等领域开展广泛的合作与交流，与日本、韩国建立中日韩三国生物多样性政策对话机制。 +结束语 +地球是人类共同生活和守护的家园，生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的基础，是地球生命共同体的血脉和根基。 +面对生物多样性丧失的全球性挑战，全人类是休戚与共的命运共同体。 +中国已经踏上全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程，生态文明建设具备更多条件，同时，也面临很多挑战，生物多样性保护任重而道远。 +展望未来，中国将秉持人与自然生命共同体理念，把生物多样性保护作为生态文明建设重要内容，持续推进生物多样性治理体系和治理能力现代化，改善自然生态系统状况，提升生态服务功能，提高生态产品供给能力，实现自然生态系统良性循环，不断满足人民日益增长的优美生态环境需求。 +中国将始终做万物和谐美丽家园的维护者、建设者和贡献者，与国际社会携手并进、共同努力，开启更加公正合理、各尽所能的全球生物多样性治理新进程，实现人与自然和谐共生美好愿景，推动构建人类命运共同体，共同建设更加美好的世界。 diff --git a/utils/zh/002 b/utils/zh/002 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3f54be --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/zh/002 @@ -0,0 +1,418 @@ +新时代的中非合作 +中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 +（2021年11月） +目录 +前言 +一、构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体 +（一）秉持真实亲诚理念和正确义利观 +（二）坚持相互尊重、共同发展 +（三）树立命运共同体崇高目标 +（四）为世界发展与合作树立典范 +二、不断拓展新时代中非各领域合作 +（一）政治互信持续深化 +（二）经济合作迅速发展 +（三）社会合作方兴未艾 +（四）人文合作日益扩大 +（五）和平安全合作稳步拓展 +三、坚定不移巩固相互支持 +（一）共同捍卫国际公平正义 +（二）守望相助抗击新冠肺炎疫情 +（三）并肩战胜非洲埃博拉出血热疫情 +（四）携手应对自然灾害 +四、奋力开创中非关系新局面 +（一）中非合作论坛引领对非合作 +（二）推动共建“一带一路”合作走向深入 +（三）与时俱进、推动中非关系实现新跨越 +结束语 +前言 +中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，非洲是发展中国家最集中的大陆。 +相似的历史遭遇、共同的历史使命把中国和非洲紧紧联系在一起，中非从来就是命运共同体。 +发展同非洲国家的团结合作是中国对外政策的重要基石，也是中国长期坚定的战略选择。 +中国和非洲国家在争取民族解放和国家独立的斗争中相互支持，持续深化政治互信；在实现经济发展和民族振兴的道路上互帮互助，不断拓展合作新领域；在重大国际和地区问题上密切协调，共同捍卫国际公平正义。 +进入新时代，习近平主席提出真实亲诚对非政策理念和正确义利观，为新时代对非合作指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循。 +2015年和2018年，中非合作论坛约翰内斯堡峰会和北京峰会先后成功举办，引领中非合作达到前所未有的新高度。 +习近平主席在北京峰会上同非洲领导人一致决定，构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，深入推进中非共建“一带一路”合作，在中非关系史上树立了新的里程碑。 +中非关系不是一天就发展起来的，更不是什么人赐予的，而是中非风雨同舟、患难与共，一步一个脚印走出来的。 +中国为非洲发展提供了力所能及的帮助，中国感谢非洲国家和非洲人民长期以来给予中国的大力支持和无私帮助。 +新冠肺炎疫情发生后，中国和非洲国家患难与共、守望相助，谱写了中非团结友好、共克时艰的新篇章。 +为介绍新时代中非合作成果，展望未来中非合作前景，特发布本白皮书。 +一、构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体 +中非友好源远流长。 +毛泽东主席等新中国第一代领导人和非洲老一辈政治家共同奠定了中非友好关系基础。 +长期以来，中国始终尊重非洲、热爱非洲、支持非洲，中国人民始终同非洲人民同呼吸、共命运，同心相向、守望相助，走出了一条特色鲜明的合作共赢之路。 +在2018年9月中非合作论坛北京峰会上，中非双方决定构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，在中非关系史上树立了新的里程碑，引领中非关系和中非合作迈入新时代。 +中非风雨同舟、携手前行，为推动构建人类命运共同体树立了典范。 +（一）秉持真实亲诚理念和正确义利观 +“真、实、亲、诚”和正确义利观高度凝练和概括了中国对非政策理念，体现了中国优秀文化的道德精髓，融入了中非传统友谊的历史积淀，树立了国际对非合作的时代标杆，是中国加强同包括非洲在内的发展中国家团结合作的总体指导原则。 +对待非洲朋友，讲一个“真”字。 +真朋友最可贵。 +中国始终把发展同非洲国家的团结合作作为中国对外政策的重要基础，这一点绝不会因为中国自身发展和国际地位提高而发生变化。 +中国将继续同非洲国家在涉及对方核心利益和重大关切问题上相互支持，继续在国际和地区事务中坚定支持非洲国家的正义立场，维护发展中国家共同利益。 +中国将继续坚定支持非洲国家自主解决本地区问题的努力，为促进非洲和平与安全作出更大贡献。 +中国将继续坚定支持非洲国家探索适合本国国情的发展道路，加强同非洲国家在治国理政方面的经验交流，从各自的古老文明和发展实践中汲取智慧，促进中非共同发展繁荣。 +开展对非合作，讲一个“实”字。 +中国不仅是合作共赢的倡导者，更是积极实践者。 +中国致力于把自身发展同非洲发展紧密联系起来，把中国人民利益同非洲人民利益紧密结合起来，把中国发展机遇同非洲发展机遇紧密融合起来，真诚希望非洲国家发展得更快一些，非洲人民日子过得更好一些。 +中国在谋求自身发展的同时，始终向非洲朋友提供力所能及的支持和帮助。 +特别是近年来，中国加大了对非援助和合作力度。 +只要是中方作出的承诺，就一定会不折不扣落到实处。 +中国将继续扩大同非洲的投融资合作，加强同非洲国家在农业、制造业等领域的互利合作，帮助非洲国家把资源优势转化为发展优势，实现自主发展和可持续发展。 +加强中非友好，讲一个“亲”字。 +中国人民和非洲人民有着天然的亲近感。 +中非通过深入对话和实际行动获得心与心的共鸣。 +中非关系的根基和血脉在人民，中非关系发展更多面向人民。 +中非重视人文交流，增进中非人民的相互了解和认知，厚植中非友好事业的社会基础。 +中非关系是面向未来的事业，需要一代又一代中非有志青年共同接续奋斗。 +双方应积极推动青年交流，使中非友好事业后继有人，永葆青春和活力。 +解决合作中的问题，讲一个“诚”字。 +中国和非洲都处在快速发展过程中，相互认知需要不断与时俱进。 +中方坦诚面对中非关系面临的新情况新问题，对出现的问题，本着相互尊重、合作共赢的精神加以妥善解决。 +正确义利观讲求的是义利相兼、以义为先，政治上主持公道、伸张正义，经济上互利共赢、共同发展，国际事务中讲信义、重情义、扬正义、树道义。 +正确处理“义”和“利”的关系是新时代中非合作的必然要求。 +中非关系最大的“义”，是把非洲自主可持续发展同中国自身发展紧密结合起来，不搞你输我赢的零和游戏，不做唯利是图的狭隘之举，最终实现合作共赢。 +（二）坚持相互尊重、共同发展 +中非合作是发展中国家间的互帮互助。 +中国在对非合作中始终践行“四个坚持”和“五不”原则，一以贯之、日积月累，形成了一条特色鲜明的中非合作共赢之路。 +这些原则符合中国“己所不欲，勿施于人”的传统理念，契合非洲国家的根本利益和国际关系的基本准则，是中非团结合作的本质特征，对国际对非合作具有重要借鉴意义。 +“四个坚持”，即： +——坚持真诚友好、平等相待。 +中国人民始终同非洲人民同呼吸、共命运，始终尊重非洲、热爱非洲、支持非洲。 +——坚持义利相兼、以义为先。 +中国在对非合作中主张多予少取、先予后取、只予不取，张开怀抱欢迎非洲搭乘中国发展快车。 +——坚持发展为民、务实高效。 +中国坚持把中非人民利益放在首位，为中非人民福祉而推进合作，让合作成果惠及中非人民；凡是中国答应非洲兄弟的事，就尽心尽力办好。 +——坚持开放包容、兼收并蓄。 +中国愿同国际合作伙伴一道，支持非洲和平与发展；凡是对非洲有利的事情，中国都欢迎和支持。 +“五不”原则，即：中国不干预非洲国家探索符合国情的发展道路，不干涉非洲内政，不把自己的意志强加于人，不在对非援助中附加任何政治条件，不在对非投资融资中谋取政治私利。 +（三）树立命运共同体崇高目标 +在2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会上，中非双方就携手打造“责任共担、合作共赢、幸福共享、文化共兴、安全共筑、和谐共生”的中非命运共同体达成战略共识。 +这是中非命运共同体基本纲领，是中非双方共同奋斗的宏伟目标，为新时代中非合作规划了路径。 +——责任共担，是加强在涉及彼此核心利益和重大关切问题上的相互理解和支持，密切在重大国际和地区问题上的协作配合，维护中非和广大发展中国家共同利益。 +——合作共赢，是抓住中非发展战略对接的机遇，用好共建“一带一路”带来的重大机遇，开拓新的合作空间，发掘新的合作潜力。 +——幸福共享，是把增进民生福祉作为发展中非关系的出发点和落脚点。 +中非合作要给中非人民带来看得见、摸得着的成果和实惠。 +——文化共兴，是促进中非文明交流互鉴、交融共存，拉紧中非人民的情感纽带，为彼此文明复兴、文化进步、文艺繁荣提供持久助力，为中非合作提供更深厚的精神滋养。 +——安全共筑，是为促进非洲和平稳定发挥建设性作用，支持非洲国家提升自主维稳维和能力。 +中国坚定支持非洲国家和非洲联盟等地区组织以非洲方式解决非洲问题。 +——和谐共生，是加强在应对气候变化、应用清洁能源、防控荒漠化和水土流失、保护野生动植物等生态环保领域交流合作，让中国和非洲都成为人与自然和睦相处的美好家园。 +中非合作好不好，中非人民最有发言权。 +中国对非合作的出发点永远是中非双方人民的根本利益，永远不会将遏制他国作为自身对非政策的出发点。 +（四）为世界发展与合作树立典范 +中非合作兴，则南南合作兴。 +中非双方发展好，世界会更好。 +新时代的中非合作是中非双方实现共同发展的必由之路，将为构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体奠定更加坚实的物质基础，也将为促进发展中国家群体性崛起、推动国际力量对比向更加均衡的方向发展注入强劲动力。 +当前，百年变局和世纪疫情交织共振，多边主义和单边主义激烈博弈，全球治理体系正经历前所未有的深刻调整。 +中国始终认为，非洲是国际合作的大舞台，不是大国博弈的竞技场。 +中非合作从来不是清谈馆，在给中非人民带来实实在在好处的同时，中非合作也为国际对非合作创造了更加有利的条件。 +面向新时代，中国人民同非洲人民团结合作，将为增进全人类福祉，推动构建新型国际关系、推动构建人类命运共同体树立榜样。 +二、不断拓展新时代中非各领域合作 +中非双方高度信任，中非友谊坚如磐石。 +中国致力于不断巩固中非政治互信，深化各领域务实合作，为非洲和平与发展提供力所能及的帮助，中国对非合作一直走在国际对非合作的前列。 +经过几十年辛勤浇灌，中非合作枝繁叶茂，成长为参天大树，任何力量都无法撼动。 +当前，中非关系处于历史最好时期，中非合作成果遍布非洲大地，改善了非洲经济社会发展条件，给双方人民带来了实实在在的好处。 +（一）政治互信持续深化 +新中国成立以来，无论国际风云如何变幻，中国和非洲国家始终是风雨同舟的好朋友、休戚与共的好伙伴、肝胆相照的好兄弟。 +2006年中非合作论坛北京峰会确立中非新型战略伙伴关系。 +2015年中非合作论坛约翰内斯堡峰会确立中非全面战略合作伙伴关系。 +2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会确定构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，推动中非关系进入历史最好时期。 +高层交往对中非关系发展发挥着重要引领作用，双方领导人就双边关系和共同关心的重大问题加强沟通协调，为巩固传统友谊、增强政治互信，维护共同利益、共谋发展合作提供了有力政治保障。 +2013年3月，习近平主席就任国家主席后首次出访就远赴非洲，至今已四次访非，足迹遍及非洲东西南北中。 +2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会期间，习近平主席同与会的50余位非洲国家领导人逐一会面，叙友情、商合作、话未来，并出席近70场双多边活动。 +2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会后，17位非洲领导人先后来华访问或出席会议。 +新冠肺炎疫情发生后，双方领导人通过视频、通话等形式保持交往和沟通。 +2020年6月，习近平主席以视频形式主持召开中非团结抗疫特别峰会，13位非洲领导人和非盟委员会主席出席。 +疫情以来，习近平主席先后同非洲各国元首通话17次，保持了中非高层交往的密度和热度。 +习近平主席对非洲朋友真诚友好、平等相待，与非洲领导人建立深厚的友谊和信任，以元首外交引领了中非关系行稳致远。 +中非双方不断丰富和完善政府间对话、磋商及合作机制，充分发挥统筹协调作用，促进中非各领域合作全方位发展。 +中国同非洲9国建立全面战略合作伙伴关系，同3国建立全面战略伙伴关系，同6国建立战略伙伴关系，同7国建立全面合作伙伴关系。 +中国已同21个非洲国家和非盟委员会建立双边委员会、外交磋商或战略对话机制，同51个非洲国家建立经贸联（混）合委员会机制。 +2016年，中国同非盟建立人权磋商机制。 +2017年，中国同南非建立中非间首个政府间高级别人文交流机制。 +中非地方合作迸发活力，2012年以来，中非双方已举办4届中非地方政府合作论坛。 +截至目前，中非双方共缔结160对友好省市，其中2013年以来新增友好省市48对。 +中国和非洲国家密切开展政党、立法和协商机构交往，构建多层次、多渠道、多形式、全方位的友好合作。 +中国共产党在独立自主、完全平等、相互尊重、互不干涉内部事务的原则基础上，不断密切同非洲国家政党交流与合作，构建求同存异、相互尊重、互学互鉴的新型政党关系。 +双方从立法和监督方面发挥积极影响，为中非合作和交往提供政策支持和保障。 +全国人大与埃及、南非、肯尼亚议会建立定期交流机制，与35个非洲国家议会建有双边友好小组。 +全国政协及所属机构已同39个非洲国家的59个机构开展交往。 +2019年6月，全国政协成立中非友好小组，是全国政协历史上第一个对外友好小组。 +近年来，更多非洲国家加入中非友好大家庭，中国分别同冈比亚（2016年3月17日）、圣多美和普林西比（2016年12月26日）、布基纳法索（2018年5月26日）恢复大使级外交关系。 +目前，中国已经同除斯威士兰以外的其他53个非洲国家建立外交关系。 +中国积极发展同非盟及非洲次区域组织合作。 +2012年1月，中国援建的非盟会议中心项目建成并投入使用，这是继坦赞铁路之后中国在非最大援助项目。 +2014年中国设立驻非盟使团，标志中国与非盟关系发展进入新阶段。 +中国重视并坚定支持非盟在推进非洲联合自强和一体化进程中发挥领导作用、在维护非洲和平安全中发挥主导作用、在地区和国际事务中发挥更大作用，支持非盟通过《2063议程》及实施第一个十年规划。 +中国以观察员身份多次应邀出席西非国家经济共同体（西共体）、南部非洲发展共同体（南共体）、东非共同体（东共体）、东非政府间发展组织（伊加特）、中部非洲国家经济共同体（中共体）等次区域组织峰会等重要活动，并向西共体、南共体、东共体派驻大使。 +（二）经济合作迅速发展 +中非经贸合作加速发展，深度广度不断拓展。 +中非合作论坛约翰内斯堡峰会和北京峰会分别宣布实施“十大合作计划”和“八大行动”，将中非经贸合作水平推向历史新高。 +——加大发展援助。 +中国在实现自身发展的进程中，始终关注和支持非洲国家改善民生、谋求发展的事业。 +进入新时代，中国在力所能及的基础上不断加大对非援助。 +2013年至2018年中国对外援助金额为2702亿元人民币，其中对非洲国家的援助占比44.65%，包括无偿援助、无息贷款和优惠贷款。 +2000年至2020年，建成的公路铁路超过13000公里，建设了80多个大型电力设施，援建了130多个医疗设施、45个体育馆、170多所学校，为非洲培训各领域人才共计16万余名，打造了非盟会议中心等一系列中非合作“金字招牌”，涉及经济社会生活的方方面面，受到非洲国家政府和人民的广泛欢迎和支持。 +中国已宣布免除与中国有外交关系的非洲最不发达国家、重债穷国、内陆发展中国家、小岛屿发展中国家截至2018年底到期未偿还政府间无息贷款。 +新冠肺炎疫情发生后，中国宣布免除15个非洲国家2020年底到期的无息贷款债务。 +——加速贸易发展。 +中国自2009年起连续12年稳居非洲第一大贸易伙伴国地位，中非贸易额占非洲整体外贸总额比重连年上升，2020年超过21%。 +中非贸易结构持续优化，中国对非出口技术含量显著提高，机电产品、高新技术产品对非出口额占比超过50%。 +中国主动扩大自非洲非资源类产品进口，对非洲33个最不发达国家97%税目输华产品提供零关税待遇，帮助更多非洲农业、制造业产品进入中国市场。 +据统计，2017年以来中国从非洲服务进口年均增长20%，每年为非洲创造近40万个就业岗位。 +近年来，中国自非农产品进口持续增长，已成为非洲第二大农产品出口目的国。 +中非电子商务等贸易新业态蓬勃发展，“丝路电商”合作不断推进，中国已与卢旺达建立电子商务合作机制，中国企业积极投资海外仓建设，非洲优质特色产品通过电子商务直接对接中国市场。 +中国－毛里求斯自贸协定于2021年1月1日正式生效，成为中非间首个自贸协定，为中非经贸合作注入新动力。 +——促进投融资合作。 +投融资合作是近年来中非合作最大亮点之一，为非洲经济社会发展注入“血液”。 +结合非洲需要和中国优势，中国鼓励和支持中国企业扩大和优化对非投资，为符合条件的项目提供融资及出口信用保险支持。 +在中国政府、金融机构和各类企业合力推动下，中国对非投资呈现良好发展态势，广泛涉及矿业开采、加工冶炼、装备制造、农业开发、家电生产、航空服务、医药卫生、数字经济等产业，帮助非方提升了有关产业工业化水平、产业配套和出口创汇能力。 +截至2020年底，中国企业累计对非直接投资超过430亿美元。 +中国在非洲设立各类企业超过3500家，民营企业逐渐成为对非投资的主力，聘用非洲本地员工比例超80%，直接和间接创造了数百万个就业机会。 +——助力非洲农业发展。 +中国积极同非洲分享农业发展经验技术，支持非洲国家提高农业生产和加工水平，推动农业产业链建设和贸易发展。 +2012年以来，在华培训非洲农业学员7456人次；通过实施援非百名农业专家、援非农业专家组等项目，培训非洲当地5万余人次，建成23个农业示范中心。 +截至目前，中国与23个非洲国家及地区组织建立农业合作机制，签署了双多边农业合作文件72项。 +2012年以来，中国与20个非洲国家及地区组织签署农业合作文件31项。 +2019年中非举办首届中非农业合作论坛，成立中国－非盟农业合作委员会，启动中非农业现代化合作规划和行动计划编制工作。 +截至2020年底，中国在非农业投资企业超200家，涉及非洲国家共35个，投资存量11.1亿美元，投资范围涵盖种植、养殖和农产品加工等各产业，超过350余种非洲农产品食品可开展对华贸易，中非农业贸易稳步增长。 +——助力非洲工业化。 +工业化是非洲实现包容性和持续性发展的前提，是创造就业、消除贫困、提高生活水平的关键。 +中国支持非洲国家根据自身国情和发展需求，改善投资软硬环境，以产业对接和产能合作为龙头，助力非洲工业化和经济多元化进程。 +截至目前，中国与15个非洲国家建立产能合作机制。 +中国与非洲国家合作建设经贸合作区、经济特区、工业园区、科技园区，吸引中国等各国企业赴非投资，建立生产和加工基地并开展本土化经营，增加当地就业和税收，促进产业升级和技术合作。 +中非产能合作基金围绕非洲“三网一化”（高速铁路网、高速公路网、区域航空网和工业化）建设战略开发业务，截至2021年3月，累计投资21个项目，涉及能源、资源、制造业等多个领域，有力带动非洲国家产业发展。 +数十家中资企业与非洲企业合作建设光伏电站，累计装机容量超过1.5吉瓦（GW），填补非洲光伏产业链空白，有效缓解当地用电紧缺问题并促进低碳减排。 +——深化基础设施合作。 +中国支持非洲将基础设施建设作为经济振兴的优先发展方向，鼓励和支持中国企业采取多种模式参与非洲基础设施建设、投资、运营和管理。 +2016年至2020年，非洲开工建设的基础设施项目总额近2000亿美元，2020年中国企业实施的项目比已达31.4%。 +中非合作论坛成立以来，中国企业利用各类资金帮助非洲国家新增和升级铁路超过1万公里、公路近10万公里、桥梁近千座、港口近百个、输变电线路6.6万公里、电力装机容量1.2亿千瓦、通讯骨干网15万公里，网络服务覆盖近7亿用户终端。 +中国企业承建和运营的肯尼亚蒙内铁路是该国百年来第一条现代化铁路，全部采用中国标准、中国技术、中国装备，被誉为新时期中非“友谊之路”“合作之路”“共赢之路”，累计运送旅客541.5万人次、发送集装箱130.8万个标准箱，对肯经济增长贡献率达到1.5%，累计直接和间接创造就业4.6万个。 +中国引导企业采用BOT（建设—经营—转让方式）、BOO（建设—拥有—经营方式）、PPP（政府与社会资本合作）等多种模式，推动中非基础设施合作向投资建设运营一体化模式转型，促进基础设施项目可持续发展。 +——加强金融合作。 +中非金融机构积极开发对方市场，双方央行积极扩大本币结算和互换安排，推动中非金融便利化水平稳步提高。 +截至2021年10月，人民币跨境支付系统（CIPS）有42家非洲地区间接参与者，覆盖19个非洲国家。 +中国央行先后与南非、摩洛哥、埃及和尼日利亚央行签署了本币互换协议，金额总计730亿元人民币。 +中国已同埃及、南非、尼日利亚等7个非洲国家签署了金融监管合作谅解备忘录，为双方金融合作行稳致远打牢基础。 +中国加入非洲开发银行、东南非贸易与开发银行和西非开发银行等多边开发金融机构。 +中国已累计向非洲开发银行下的非洲开发基金承诺捐资9.96亿美元。 +——拓展数字经济合作。 +中国积极帮助非洲国家消除“数字鸿沟”，中非“数字经济”合作发展迅速，从数字基础设施建设到社会数字化转型，物联网、移动金融等新技术应用，全领域合作成果丰硕。 +中国企业参与了多条连接非洲和欧、亚、美洲大陆海缆工程；与非洲主流运营商合作基本实现非洲电信服务全覆盖；建设了非洲一半以上无线站点及高速移动宽带网络，累计铺设超过20万公里光纤，帮助600万家庭实现宽带上网，服务超过9亿非洲人民。 +截至目前，超过15个非洲国家的17个城市、1500多家企业选择中国企业作为数字化转型伙伴，29个国家选择中国企业提供的智慧政务服务方案；中非共同在南非建立了服务整个非洲区域的公有“云”，以及非洲首个5G独立组网商用网络。 +中非电子商务合作层次和内涵不断丰富，“丝路电商”云上大讲堂有效提升伙伴国中小微企业数字素养，“双品网购节”丝路电商专场、“非洲产品电商推广季”等活动助力非洲优质产品进入中国市场，中国企业积极参与非洲电子支付、智慧物流等公共服务平台建设，在互联互通中实现合作共赢。 +2021年8月，中非互联网发展与合作论坛成功举办，中国宣布愿同非洲共同制定和实施“中非数字创新伙伴计划”。 +（三）社会合作方兴未艾 +中国积极同非洲开展减贫、卫生、教育、科技、环保、气候变化、青年妇女交流等社会领域合作，通过加强交流、提供援助、分享社会发展经验，帮助非洲国家提高社会综合发展水平，为非洲经济发展创造内生动力。 +——分享减贫经验。 +贫困是中非面临的共同挑战。 +消除贫困是联合国2030年可持续发展议程的首要目标。 +中国成功走出了一条具有中国特色的减贫道路，使数亿贫困人口摆脱贫困，为解决非洲贫困提供了借鉴。 +中国积极落实《中国和非洲联盟加强中非减贫合作纲要》，通过“中非合作论坛－减贫与发展会议”“中非青年减贫和发展交流项目”等机制，鼓励和支持中非地方政府、学术、企业、青年和非政府组织开展形式多样的减贫经验交流与务实合作。 +自2010年以来，“中非合作论坛－减贫与发展会议”已在中国、埃塞俄比亚、南非、乌干达等国连续举办10届，参会总人数接近1600人次。 +2005年至2021年，中国共举办160期减贫援外培训班，为非洲53国培训超过2700人次，占总参训人数58.6%。 +——加强卫生健康领域合作。 +中国践行人民至上、生命至上的理念，帮助非洲国家应对病疫，建设公共卫生体系，以实际行动推动构建中非卫生健康共同体。 +向非洲国家派遣中国医疗队是中非开展时间最长、涉及国家最多、成效最为显著的合作项目之一。 +中国1963年向阿尔及利亚派出首支中国医疗队，开创了新中国援非医疗的历史。 +58年来，中国累计向非洲派出医疗队员2.3万人次，诊治患者2.3亿人次。 +目前在非洲45国派有医疗队员近千人，共98个工作点。 +中国医疗队被非洲当地人誉为“白衣使者”、“南南合作的典范”和“最受欢迎的人”。 +在非实施34次“光明行”义诊活动，帮助近万名非洲白内障患者重见光明。 +中国重点帮助非洲国家加强专科医学建设，为非洲各国培训各类医务人才2万人次。 +截至目前，中国已帮助18个非洲国家建立了20个专科中心，涉及心脏、重症医学、创伤、腔镜等专业，同40个非洲国家45所非方医院建立对口合作机制。 +中国支持非洲各国提高口岸卫生检疫能力，并向非洲疾控中心派出疾控专家提供技术支持。 +——扩大教育和人力资源开发合作。 +中国大力支持非洲教育发展，根据非洲国家经济社会发展需要，帮助非洲培养急需人才，通过设立多个奖学金专项，支持非洲优秀青年来华学习。 +2012年起，中非双方实施“中非高校20+20合作计划”，搭建中非高校交流合作平台。 +中国在联合国教科文组织设立信托基金项目，累计已在非洲国家培训1万余名教师。 +2018年以来，中国在埃及、南非、吉布提、肯尼亚等非洲国家与当地院校共建“鲁班工坊”，同非洲分享中国优质职业教育，为非洲培养适应经济社会发展急需的高素质技术技能人才。 +中国支持30余所非洲大学设立中文系或中文专业，配合16个非洲国家将中文纳入国民教育体系，在非洲合作设立了61所孔子学院和48所孔子课堂。 +2004年以来，中国共向非洲48国派出中文教师和志愿者5500余人次。 +——加强科技合作与知识共享。 +中国积极同非洲加强科技创新战略沟通与对接，分享科技发展经验与成果，推动双方科技人才交流与培养、技术转移与创新创业。 +中国与非洲国家建设了一批高水平联合实验室、创建了中非联合研究中心、中非创新合作中心。 +近年来，中国通过实施“一带一路”国际科学组织联盟奖学金、中国政府奖学金、“国际杰青计划”、“国际青年创新创业计划”等项目帮助非洲培养大量科技人才。 +空间和航天合作取得新突破，双方利用中国遥感数据开展防灾减灾、射电天文、卫星导航定位和精准农业等领域合作，共同参与天文领域国际大科学工程“平方公里阵列射电望远镜”项目。 +中国在埃及援建卫星总装集成及测试中心项目。 +中国还分别为阿尔及利亚、苏丹发射两国首颗人造卫星。 +——深化生态保护和应对气候变化合作。 +中非人民对优美环境和美好生活有着共同的向往。 +中国和非洲一道，倡导绿色、低碳、循环、可持续的发展方式，保护人类的共同家园。 +2012年以来，中非共同举办了“中非绿色合作引导未来经济”研讨会和“中非环境合作部长级对话会”，推动加强环境治理政策沟通协调。 +2020年启动中非环境合作中心，搭建中非双方以及相关国际组织、研究机构、企业等多方参与的重要平台。 +截至2021年9月，安哥拉、肯尼亚等7个非洲国家相关机构已加入“一带一路”绿色发展国际联盟，为推进绿色丝绸之路建设作出积极贡献。 +中方积极开展应对气候变化南南合作，目前已和14个非洲国家签署15份合作文件，通过实施减缓和适应气候变化项目、共同建设低碳示范区、开展能力建设培训等方式为非洲应对气候变化提供支持。 +其中，中国向埃塞俄比亚援助的对地观测遥感卫星是中国同非洲合作的第一颗遥感卫星。 +中非双方通过开展环保法律、法规情报交流、执法能力建设等合作，共同打击走私濒危野生动植物跨国有组织犯罪，在履行《生物多样性公约》《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》等事务中加强沟通协调，共同促进全球野生动植物保护和可持续利用。 +（四）人文合作日益扩大 +国之交在于民相亲。 +中非文化、媒体、科技、智库和青年妇女交流全面深化，进一步促进中非民心相通，夯实了中非关系发展的基础。 +——拓展文化、旅游等交流与合作。 +中非双方积极签署双边政府文化协定执行计划，通过合作举办“国家年”“文化年”“欢乐春节”“中非文化聚焦”“意会中国”等品牌活动，进一步深化了文化交流与合作。 +截至2020年12月，中非签署并落实了346个双边政府文化协定执行计划。 +2013年至2020年，中方组派艺术团赴非140国（次）举办演出。 +2013年以来，邀请非洲28国的艺术团来华演出。 +2016年以来，中方为非洲国家举办文化领域研修班上百个，非方参与人员累计近1500人。 +目前，中国在毛里求斯、贝宁、埃及、尼日利亚、坦桑尼亚、摩洛哥设有中国文化中心，已与突尼斯、肯尼亚、科特迪瓦、塞内加尔、埃塞俄比亚、莫桑比克签署互设文化中心或设立中国文化中心的政府文件。 +截至目前，中国与31个非洲国家签署双边旅游合作文件，已将34个非洲国家列为中国公民组团出境旅游目的地，与22个非洲国家正式开展中国公民组团旅游业务。 +——深化新闻传媒与影视合作。 +中非就深化新闻合作、网络空间管理、处理媒体关系不断加强对话与交流，共同举办了中非媒体领袖峰会、中非媒体合作论坛等大型交流活动。 +30家非洲媒体加入“一带一路”新闻合作联盟，42个非洲国家参加“一带一路”媒体合作论坛。 +中国支持非洲广播电影电视产业发展，积极落实“为非洲1万个村落实施收看卫星电视项目”，支持在非洲农村和偏远郊区开展“大篷车”等户外放映活动，覆盖12个非洲国家70多个村庄和地区。 +中非双方鼓励联合开发制作、创作更多讲述非洲故事、中非友好故事的作品。 +中国企业为1300万非洲用户提供11种语言、600多个频道的节目资源；近年来，中国对约200部中国优秀视听作品进行面向非洲的多语种译制，在10余个非洲国家举办中国电影展映展播活动，每年都有一定数量的非洲影片在中国电影节上展映。 +——鼓励学术与智库合作。 +中非支持双方学术研究机构、智库、高校开展课题研究、学术交流、著作出版等多种形式的合作，优先支持开展治国理政、发展道路、产能合作、文化与法律等课题研究与成果分享，推动壮大中非学术研究力量。 +80余个中非智库学术研究机构参加“中非联合研究交流计划”。 +2012年，中非合作论坛第五届部长级会议倡议实施“中非智库10+10合作伙伴计划”，建立“一对一”长期合作关系。 +2019年4月，中国非洲研究院在北京成立。 +——增进民间交流。 +积极落实《中非民间交流合作倡议书》，鼓励实施“中非民间友好行动”“丝路一家亲”“中非民间友好伙伴计划”等，支持中非工会、民间组织、非政府组织及社会团体深化交流。 +2011年以来双方举办了6届中非民间论坛，2012年以来举办了5届中非青年领导人论坛、4届亚非青年联欢节和3届中非青年大联欢活动。 +2021年，举办首届中非未来领袖对话。 +截至2020年，中国政府已累计向16个非洲国家派遣484名青年志愿者。 +中国已与53个非洲国家100多个妇女机构（组织）建立联系和交往。 +中国在毛里求斯、莱索托、吉布提、津巴布韦和苏丹等国建立中非妇女友好交流（培训）中心。 +（五）和平安全合作稳步拓展 +没有和平稳定的环境，发展就无从谈起。 +中国是非洲和平与安全事务的建设性参与者，一贯致力于支持非洲人以非洲方式解决非洲问题，坚持标本兼治，坚持合作共赢，支持非洲国家和非盟在非洲和平安全事务中发挥主导作用，支持非洲提升自主维和、维稳和反恐能力，支持非洲国家和非盟等地区组织落实“消弭枪声”倡议，支持联合国为非盟自主维和行动提供资金支持。 +中国在充分尊重非洲意愿、不干涉内政、恪守国际关系基本准则基础上，积极探索建设性参与非洲和平与安全事务。 +中非不断深化和平安全领域的交流与对话，2019年以来，中国先后举行中非实施和平安全行动对话会、首届中非和平安全论坛、中非和平安全论坛军事医学专题视频会议，并积极参与非洲国家举行的和平安全领域重要会议或论坛。 +中国政府非洲事务特别代表积极斡旋非洲热点问题，为推进非洲和平与安全发挥了独特建设性作用。 +中国通过联演联训、舰艇互访等多种方式，支持非洲国家加强国防和军队建设，支持萨赫勒、亚丁湾、几内亚湾等地区国家维护地区安全和反恐努力，在共建“一带一路”、社会治安、联合国维和、打击海盗、反恐等领域推动实施安全援助项目并帮助非洲国家培训军事人员。 +中国支持联合国在维护非洲和平与稳定方面发挥重要作用，是安理会常任理事国中向非洲派遣维和人员数量最多的国家。 +自1990年参加联合国维和行动以来，中国派出的维和人员有超过80%部署在非洲，累计向非洲派出3万余人次，在17个联合国维和任务区执行任务。 +现有1800余名维和人员在马里、刚果（金）、阿布耶伊、南苏丹、西撒哈拉等5个非洲任务区执行联合国维和任务。 +根据联合国安理会决议，中国海军自2008年以来常态部署亚丁湾执行护航任务，迄今已派出39批护航编队，累计完成约1400余批近7000艘中外船舶护航任务。 +中国还决定向联合国维和人员捐赠30万剂新冠肺炎疫苗，优先用于非洲任务区。 +截至2020年8月，共有11名中国官兵在联合国非洲维和行动中献出宝贵生命。 +中非支持扩大双方人员有序往来，不断加强领事合作，推动执法部门合作，共同打击各类跨国犯罪。 +2019年，中国公民赴非洲各国达60.7万人次，非洲各国公民入境中国达68.5万人次。 +双方人员往来快速增长推动中国和非洲国家领事关系迅速发展。 +中国支持非洲国家加强执法能力建设，2018年以来为非洲国家培训2000余名执法人员，并提供警用物资。 +中国在联合国框架下向非洲任务区派出维和警察，在国际刑警组织框架下同非洲国家积极开展案件协作、情报交流、经验分享、联合行动，共同打击跨国犯罪。 +三、坚定不移巩固相互支持 +中非友好关系经历半个多世纪的风雨考验，双方在关乎彼此前途命运的关键时刻和重大问题上始终坚定地站在一起。 +非洲国家为中国维护主权、安全和发展利益，促进国家统一，实现发展振兴提供了重要支持。 +中国坚定支持非洲国家实现民族独立，走符合自身国情的发展道路，支持非洲一体化建设和联合自强的努力。 +面对新冠肺炎疫情的严峻考验，中非携手应对，中非友谊得到新的升华。 +中非人民凝聚团结之力，能够战胜艰难险阻，铸就美好未来。 +（一）共同捍卫国际公平正义 +中国和非洲是推动全球治理体系和国际秩序变革的重要合作伙伴。 +50年前，第二十六届联合国大会以压倒性多数通过第2758号决议，恢复中华人民共和国在联合国的合法席位，从此中国人民在国际舞台上发挥越来越重要的作用。 +提案的23个国家中有11个来自非洲，76张赞成票中有26张来自非洲。 +在当今复杂多变的国际形势下，中非双方共同弘扬多边主义，旗帜鲜明地反对保护主义和单边主义，在涉及彼此核心利益和重大关切的问题上互相支持，维护发展中国家共同利益。 +中非合作实践和理念为发展中国家在国际事务中合作树立了典范，也为改革全球治理体系提供了重要方案。 +——共同践行真正的多边主义。 +中非高举多边主义旗帜，坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序、以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则，切实维护国际公平正义，推动国际秩序朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。 +双方一致反对单边主义和保护主义，致力于维护开放型世界经济和多边贸易体系。 +中国和非洲坚定支持增加发展中国家特别是非洲国家在国际治理体系中的代表性和发言权，中国在联合国的一票永远属于发展中国家。 +——共同维护正当合法权益。 +中非在涉及各自国家主权、领土完整、民族尊严和发展利益等重大问题上相互理解和支持。 +所有同中国建交的非洲国家恪守一个中国原则，坚定支持中国统一大业。 +中国坚定支持非洲国家捍卫国家主权、维护民族独立，呼吁国际社会帮助非洲国家实现生存权和发展权，反对一切形式种族主义和种族歧视，积极推动解除针对非洲国家不合理的单边制裁。 +中国同非洲成员在联合国安理会建立“1+3”磋商机制，就重大国际和地区问题保持沟通与协调。 +2017年以来，中国担任安理会轮值主席国期间，倡议召开了“加强非洲和平与安全能力”“加强非洲维和行动”“非洲和平与安全：打击非洲恐怖主义和极端主义”等公开辩论会，以及“非洲和平与安全：推进非洲疫后重建，消除冲突根源”高级别会议，推动国际社会加强团结合作、加大力度支持非洲实现长久和平。 +中非都倡导将生存权和发展权作为首要基本人权，同等重视各类人权，在平等和相互尊重基础上开展人权交流与合作，尊重各国自主选择发展的权利，反对将人权政治化和搞双重标准，反对借人权干涉别国内政，促进国际人权事业健康发展。 +针对西方反华势力在涉疆、涉港等问题上的歪曲抹黑和不实指责，非洲国家同广大发展中国家一道，在联合国人权理事会、联大三委等场合通过发表共同发言、单独发言等方式，支持中国正当立场。 +非洲国家认同中国人权理念，支持中国在联合国人权理事会提出的“发展对享有所有人权的贡献”“在人权领域促进合作共赢”等决议。 +中国呼吁国际社会推动全球经济治理改革，切实支持非洲实现发展。 +二十国集团领导人杭州峰会在中国推动下发布了《支持非洲和最不发达国家工业化倡议》。 +2015年，中国宣布设立中国－联合国和平与发展基金，2016年至2020年其下设的发展子基金共实施34个项目，涉及减贫、卫生健康、能源可及、科技创新、互联互通等多个领域，非洲国家是主要受惠方。 +2021年5月，中非双方共同发起“支持非洲发展伙伴倡议”。 +中非一致认为支持非洲发展是国际社会的广泛共识和共同责任。 +为应对疫情挑战、更加旗帜鲜明地支持非洲渡过难关，国际对非合作伙伴有必要把优势资源投向非方最急需领域，形成支持非洲发展的有效合力。 +（二）守望相助抗击新冠肺炎疫情 +面对突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情，中非双方经受住严峻考验，相互声援、并肩战斗，共同唱响团结合作、共克时艰的时代强音。 +2020年6月，中非团结抗疫特别峰会成功举办。 +中国成为全球首个同非洲大陆就应对疫情举行峰会的国家，引领国际对非抗疫合作，为全球抗疫合作注入新动力。 +习近平主席在峰会上阐述了疫情形势下推进中非合作、加强国际合作的重要政策主张，指出要加快落实中非合作论坛北京峰会成果，将合作重点向健康卫生、复工复产、改善民生领域倾斜，并宣布了对非抗疫援助、减缓债和复工复产等系列举措，受到非方高度赞誉和广泛欢迎。 +与会领导人共同发表了《中非团结抗疫特别峰会联合声明》，一致认为中非双方要坚定不移携手抗击疫情、坚定不移推进中非合作、坚定不移践行多边主义、坚定不移推进中非友好。 +会后中非双方密切对接，统筹推进疫情防控和复工复产，推动中非合作克服疫情挑战，不断恢复并向前发展。 +在中国抗疫的艰难时刻，非洲国家和非盟等地区组织通过不同方式对中国抗疫行动给予有力声援和支持。 +2020年2月非盟部长理事会发表公报支持中国抗疫努力，是全球首个重要地区组织和整个洲域公开给予中国声援。 +非洲48国元首、11国政府首脑、12国议长和非盟委员会主席来函（电），10国发表政府声明，18国外长致函，非盟和平与安全理事会会议、卫生部长紧急会议以及主要地区组织会议等均向中方表示声援和慰问，不少非洲国家不富裕，但仍积极向中国捐款捐物。 +一些非洲在华留学生同当地防疫人员一道奋战在抗疫前线。 +非洲疫情发生后，中国第一时间驰援非洲，开展了新中国成立以来涉及范围最广、实施难度最大的人道主义援助行动。 +从2020年起，中国根据有关国家需求，统筹地方政府、企业和民间组织等各类资源，向非洲53国和非盟提供了120批检测试剂、防护服、口罩、隔离眼罩、呼吸机等紧急抗疫物资援助，实现对非抗疫援助“全覆盖”。 +中国积极同非洲国家分享抗疫经验，向17个非洲国家派出了抗疫医疗专家组或短期抗疫医疗队，同非洲人民共同抗击疫情，并推动中国援建的非洲疾控中心总部项目提前开工建设。 +中国积极践行“将疫苗作为全球公共产品”的承诺，在中国疫苗上市之初、国内供应紧张的情况下，即开始向非洲援助疫苗，为非洲国家抗疫提供支持与帮助。 +中方积极落实将疫苗作为全球公共产品的坚定承诺，截至2021年11月12日，已向包括50个非洲国家和非盟委员会在内的110多个国家和国际组织提供超过17亿剂疫苗，将努力全年对外提供20亿剂疫苗，并在向“新冠疫苗实施计划”捐赠1亿美元基础上，再向包括非洲在内的发展中国家无偿捐赠1亿剂疫苗。 +中国企业亦积极在非洲地区开展联合生产，帮助有意愿的国家实现疫苗本地化生产，目前已在埃及启动疫苗本地化生产，同摩洛哥和阿尔及利亚签署了合作协议。 +为帮助非洲国家应对疫情冲击，克服暂时困难，中国支持减轻非洲国家债务负担，积极落实二十国集团（G20）“暂缓最贫困国家债务偿付倡议”，在G20成员中缓债金额最大，已同19个非洲国家签署缓债协议或达成共识。 +中国支持将G20缓债倡议延期至2021年年底，并同有关成员一道落实《缓债倡议后续债务处理共同框架》。 +对于疫情特别重、压力特别大的国家，中国并同有关方一道，通过个案处理方式提供支持。 +（三）并肩战胜非洲埃博拉出血热疫情 +2014年，塞拉利昂、利比里亚和几内亚暴发埃博拉出血热疫情。 +在非洲人民的艰难时刻，中国义无反顾伸出援助之手，在国际社会发挥了引领和示范作用。 +中国是最早向几内亚、塞拉利昂等国提供援助的国家，也是唯一一个向西非疫区提供实验室并设立留观诊治中心的国家。 +中国先后向有关非洲国家和国际、地区组织提供总额约7.5亿元人民币快速、实用、全面抗疫援助，先后使用9架次包机运输物资和人员，向疫情国派出16批、1200多名临床和公共卫生专家，与当地医生共同战斗在抗击埃博拉疫情的前线，中国医生还在当地培训医护人员1.3万人次。 +中国还为疫区国家援建了实验室、治疗中心等多个项目，成为当时中国支持海外国家和地区应对公共危机持续时间最长、覆盖面最广、规模和力度最大的一次援助。 +面对疫情，中国外交官、医疗队、维和人员和企业员工始终选择坚守，而不是撤离。 +恐惧比病毒更可怕，而信心比黄金更宝贵。 +在灾难面前，中非人民展现了同甘苦、共患难的一片真情。 +2018年，刚果（金）再次暴发埃博拉出血热疫情，中国及时向刚果（金）及其邻国卢旺达、布隆迪、乌干达以及非盟等提供包括物资、现汇、专家、药品、培训在内的一揽子紧急人道主义援助，帮助有关国家及时遏制疫情发展。 +（四）携手应对自然灾害 +中国历来重视非洲受灾国的救援工作，帮助非方应对各种自然灾害和人道主义危机，并通过联合国、世界粮食计划署、红十字国际委员会等多边国际组织开展对非紧急人道主义援助。 +中国人民不会忘记，2008年中国遭受特大地震灾害，仅200万人口的赤道几内亚就捐赠了200万欧元，平均每人1欧元。 +刚果（布）政府在汶川地震后捐赠100万美元，在玉树地震后又捐资200万美元建设了一所小学。 +非洲人民在自己经济并不富裕的情况下，仍慷慨解囊支援中国人民抗震救灾和灾后重建，这份情谊让中国人民倍感温暖。 +“投之以桃，报之以李”。 +中国先后在40多个受灾非洲国家实施粮食、供水、妇幼、教育等民生项目，受益人数达1000多万人，有力促进了受灾国的经济恢复和社会发展。 +2019年，“伊代”飓风席卷东南部非洲。 +中国向津巴布韦、莫桑比克、马拉维紧急提供人道主义物资援助，并向受灾最严重的莫桑比克派出65人组成的国际救援队，在莫当地治疗3000多人。 +2019年底，蝗灾袭击非洲之角，地区国家超过3000万人生计受到威胁。 +2020年初，尽管面临新冠肺炎疫情影响，中国仍紧急向埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、乌干达3国提供灭蝗物资援助，并从中国－联合国粮农组织南南合作信托基金中安排援助支持3国购买防控物资和开展能力建设。 +四、奋力开创中非关系新局面 +当前，全球治理体系和国际秩序变革加速推进，国际力量对比深度调整。 +新冠肺炎疫情进一步凸显世界各国的命运紧密相连。 +站在历史的又一个十字路口，中非更加需要巩固伙伴关系，构建新时代中非命运共同体。 +双方将坚定不移深化传统友好，坚定不移推进互利合作，坚定不移维护共同利益，继续发挥中非合作论坛引领作用，推动“一带一路”建设走实走深，不断推动中非全面战略合作伙伴关系向更高层次、更广领域发展，共同创造中非合作更加美好的明天。 +（一）中非合作论坛引领对非合作 +为共同应对经济全球化挑战，谋求共同发展，在中非双方共同倡议下，中非合作论坛首届部长级会议于2000年10月在北京召开，中非合作论坛（以下简称“论坛”）正式成立。 +经过20多年的发展，论坛已成为中非开展集体对话的重要平台和务实合作的有效机制，成为新时代引领国际对非合作的一面旗帜。 +目前论坛有中国、53个同中国建交的非洲国家、非盟委员会共55个成员。 +论坛部长级会议每三年举行一届，轮流在中国和非洲国家举行。 +中国和承办会议的非洲国家担任共同主席国，共同主持会议并牵头落实会议成果。 +根据中非双方共识，部分部长级会议升格为峰会。 +论坛迄今已举行3次峰会（2006年11月北京峰会、2015年12月约翰内斯堡峰会、2018年9月北京峰会）、7届部长级会议，制定出一系列重要的纲领性合作文件，推动实施了一系列支持非洲发展、深化中非友好互利合作的重大举措，取得丰硕成果。 +2021年11月底，新一届论坛会议将在论坛非方共同主席国塞内加尔举行。 +这次会议将评估2018年论坛北京峰会成果落实情况，并对下阶段中非友好合作作出规划，是疫情背景下中非共商合作大计、推进共同发展的重要外交活动，对推动疫后非洲、中国乃至世界经济复苏发展具有重要意义。 +中方将同非方共同努力、密切配合，对接中国第二个百年奋斗目标和非盟《2063年议程》，围绕健康卫生、投资贸易、工业化、农业现代化、应对气候变化、数字经济等重点领域和方向对论坛新一届会议的成果和举措进行设计和磋商，努力把会议办成凝聚中非团结新共识、挖掘中非合作新领域、带给中非人民新福祉的盛会。 +（二）推动共建“一带一路”合作走向深入 +非洲是“一带一路”的历史和自然延伸。 +历史上，海上丝绸之路为非洲带去了中国的茶叶、瓷器和发展经验，增进了中非人民友好情谊和文明互鉴，成为永载史册的中非友谊之路。 +共建“一带一路”倡议提出以来，得到非洲国家的积极支持和踊跃参与。 +非洲成为参与“一带一路”合作最积极的方向之一，中非共建“一带一路”合作前景广阔。 +“一带一路”不是“独奏曲”，而是需要中国和非洲国家共同参与的“协奏曲”。 +2015年12月，南非成为第一个同中国签署“一带一路”合作文件的非洲国家。 +2017年、2019年，肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、埃及、吉布提、莫桑比克等国领导人出席“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛，为“一带一路”合作机制发展作出积极贡献。 +在2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会上，中非双方一致同意要加强共建“一带一路”合作。 +截至目前，几乎所有同中国建交的非洲国家都已经同中国签署共建“一带一路”合作文件。 +非盟委员会并同中国签署了《中华人民共和国政府与非洲联盟关于共同推进“一带一路”建设的合作规划》，这是中国同区域性国际组织签署的第一份共建“一带一路”规划类合作文件。 +近年来，在“一带一路”合作的带动下，中非互联互通加速发展。 +亚的斯亚贝巴－吉布提铁路、肯尼亚蒙巴萨－内罗毕铁路、刚果（布）国家1号公路、塞内加尔捷斯－图巴高速公路、加蓬让蒂尔港－翁布埃沿海路及博韦大桥、尼日利亚铁路现代化一期二期项目相继完工通车，吉布提多哈雷多功能港、多哥洛美集装箱码头等有效提升当地转口贸易能力，为地区互联互通和一体化进程发挥了重要作用。 +截至目前，中国已与21个非洲国家正式签署了民用航空运输协定，与12个非洲国家建立了双边适航关系；并与8个非洲国家签订了双边政府间海运协定。 +当前中非都进入新的发展阶段。 +中国推动构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，将为非洲发展带来更多“中国机遇”。 +非洲自贸区正式实施，非洲经济一体化和区域经济融合加速推进，给中非合作扩展更大发展空间。 +中非双方将以高质量共建“一带一路”为抓手，进一步推动共建“一带一路”合作倡议同非盟《2063年议程》、联合国2030年可持续发展议程以及非洲各国发展战略深度对接，深化中非各领域务实合作，把“一带一路”建设成为中非之间的和平之路、繁荣之路、开放之路、绿色之路、创新之路和文明之路，共筑“新时代中非命运共同体”。 +（三）与时俱进、推动中非关系实现新跨越 +中非关系保持旺盛生命力的“秘诀”，就是与时俱进、开拓创新。 +半个多世纪以来，在中非关系发展的每一个关键时期，中非双方都能登高望远，找到中非合作新的契合点和增长点，推动中非关系实现新的跨越。 +站在新的历史起点上，中国将坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和习近平外交思想为指导，秉持真实亲诚理念和正确义利观，同非洲国家一道，继续谱写推动中非合作高质量发展、共筑新时代中非命运共同体的辉煌篇章。 +——厚植友好基础，推动中非政治互信不断迈上新台阶。 +中国将同非方继续保持高层交往势头，推动双方政党、立法机构、协商机构、地方政府友好合作，深化治国理政和发展经验交流互鉴、加强战略沟通与互信；充分发挥双方智库、媒体、高校和民间机构积极作用，构建全方位、多层次、宽领域的中非人文交流新格局，促进双方民心相通，继承和发扬牢不可摧的中非传统友谊。 +——抗击新冠肺炎疫情，打造中非卫生健康共同体。 +中国将继续向非洲国家全面战胜新冠肺炎疫情提供帮助，分享统筹推进常态化疫情防控和经济社会发展的经验，加快推进中非疫苗合作。 +中非卫生健康合作不仅针对一时一事，将着眼长远助力非洲完善公共卫生体系、提高传染病防控能力，推动构建新时代中非卫生健康共同体。 +——推动共同发展，培育和拓展互利合作新动能。 +随着中非各自进入新的发展阶段，双方发展阶段梯次衔接的优势更加明显，双方合作也进入提质增效的新阶段，中非互利合作之路将越走越宽。 +双方将积极支持中非企业深入发掘合作潜力，培育电子商务、5G网络、绿色经济等新的合作增长点，在面向未来发展的关键领域拓展合作，共同支持全球发展倡议，打造全球发展命运共同体，推动实现高质量、可持续的共同发展，造福中非人民。 +——密切国际协作，推动建设更加公正合理的国际秩序。 +中非是维护发展中国家共同利益、促进世界和平发展的重要力量。 +中非将进一步加强战略沟通，密切国际事务协调，旗帜鲜明地维护国际关系民主化的大方向，齐心协力应对疫情、减贫、反恐、气候变化等全人类共同挑战，坚定捍卫真正的多边主义和发展中国家共同利益，共同维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序、以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则，推动全球治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。 +结束语 +中国历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，全面建成小康社会，迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，正向着第二个百年奋斗目标进军。 +非洲联合自强势头强劲，在国际事务中的影响力不断上升，正在推进自由贸易区建设，加快工业化和现代化进程，朝着非盟《2063年议程》描绘的美好梦想前行。 +当今世界正面临百年未有之大变局，面对新的机遇和挑战，中国和非洲更需要团结合作。 +中国将继续坚定支持非洲国家走符合自身国情的发展道路，支持非洲一体化建设和非洲国家维护主权、安全和发展利益，同非洲国家携手共建“一带一路”，构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，更好造福中非人民，为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的世界，构建人类命运共同体作出新的更大贡献。 diff --git a/utils/zh_raw/001 b/utils/zh_raw/001 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8629f03 --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/zh_raw/001 @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +中国的生物多样性保护 + +中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 + +（2021年10月） + +　　目录 + +　　前言 + +　　一、秉持人与自然和谐共生理念 + +　　二、提高生物多样性保护成效 + +　　（一）优化就地保护体系 + +　　（二）完善迁地保护体系 + +　　（三）加强生物安全管理 + +　　（四）改善生态环境质量 + +　　（五）协同推进绿色发展 + +　　三、提升生物多样性治理能力 + +　　（一）完善政策法规 + +　　（二）强化能力保障 + +　　（三）加强执法监督 + +　　（四）倡导全民行动 + +　　四、深化全球生物多样性保护合作 + +　　（一）积极履行国际公约 + +　　（二）增进国际交流合作 + +　　结束语 + +　　前言 + +　　“生物多样性”是生物（动物、植物、微生物）与环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的总和，包括生态系统、物种和基因三个层次。生物多样性关系人类福祉，是人类赖以生存和发展的重要基础。人类必须尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，加大生物多样性保护力度，促进人与自然和谐共生。 + +　　1972年，联合国召开人类环境会议，与会各国共同签署了《人类环境宣言》，生物资源保护被列入二十六项原则之中。1993年，《生物多样性公约》正式生效，公约确立了保护生物多样性、可持续利用其组成部分以及公平合理分享由利用遗传资源而产生的惠益三大目标，全球生物多样性保护开启了新纪元。 + +　　中国幅员辽阔，陆海兼备，地貌和气候复杂多样，孕育了丰富而又独特的生态系统、物种和遗传多样性，是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一。中国的传统文化积淀了丰富的生物多样性智慧，“天人合一”“道法自然”“万物平等”等思想和理念体现了朴素的生物多样性保护意识。作为最早签署和批准《生物多样性公约》的缔约方之一，中国一贯高度重视生物多样性保护，不断推进生物多样性保护与时俱进、创新发展，取得显著成效，走出了一条中国特色生物多样性保护之路。 + +　　中共十八大以来，在习近平生态文明思想引领下，中国坚持生态优先、绿色发展，生态环境保护法律体系日臻完善、监管机制不断加强、基础能力大幅提升，生物多样性治理新格局基本形成，生物多样性保护进入新的历史时期。当前，全球物种灭绝速度不断加快，生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化对人类生存和发展构成重大风险。2020年9月30日，习近平主席在联合国生物多样性峰会上指出，要站在对人类文明负责的高度，探索人与自然和谐共生之路，凝聚全球治理合力，提升全球环境治理水平。中国将秉持人类命运共同体理念，继续为全球环境治理贡献力量。 + +　　为介绍中国生物多样性保护理念和实践，增进国际社会对中国生物多样性保护的了解，特发布本白皮书。 + +　　一、秉持人与自然和谐共生理念 + +　　中国生物多样性保护以建设美丽中国为目标，积极适应新形势新要求，不断加强和创新生物多样性保护举措，持续完善生物多样性保护体制，努力促进人与自然、人与人、人与社会和谐共生、良性循环、全面发展、持续繁荣。 + +　　面对全球生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化，中国秉持人与自然和谐共生理念，坚持保护优先、绿色发展，形成了政府主导、全民参与，多边治理、合作共赢的机制，推动中国生物多样性保护不断取得新成效，为应对全球生物多样性挑战作出新贡献。 + +　　——坚持尊重自然、保护优先。牢固树立尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的理念，在社会发展中优先考虑生物多样性保护，以生态本底和自然禀赋为基础，科学配置自然和人工保护修复措施，对重要生态系统、生物物种及遗传资源实施有效保护，保障生态安全和生物安全。 + +　　——坚持绿色发展、持续利用。践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念，将生物多样性作为可持续发展的基础、目标和手段，科学、合理和可持续利用生物资源，给自然生态留下休养生息的时间和空间，推动生产和生活方式的绿色转型和升级，从保护自然中寻找发展机遇，实现生物多样性保护和经济高质量发展双赢。 + +　　——坚持制度先行、统筹推进。不断强化生物多样性保护国家战略地位，长远谋划顶层设计，分级落实主体责任，建立健全政府主导、企业行动和公众参与的生物多样性保护长效机制。强化中国生物多样性保护国家委员会统筹协调作用，持续完善生物多样性保护、可持续利用和惠益分享相关法律法规和政策制度，构建生物多样性保护和治理新格局。 + +　　——坚持多边主义、合作共赢。加强生物多样性保护，促进人与自然和谐共生，已成为国际交流对话的重要内容。中国坚定支持生物多样性多边治理体系，切实履行《生物多样性公约》及其他相关环境条约义务，积极承担与发展水平相称的国际责任，向其他发展中国家提供力所能及的援助，不断深化生物多样性领域交流合作，携手应对全球生物多样性挑战，为实现人与自然和谐共生美好愿景发挥更大作用。 + +　　二、提高生物多样性保护成效 + +　　中国坚持在发展中保护、在保护中发展，提出并实施国家公园体制建设和生态保护红线划定等重要举措，不断强化就地与迁地保护，加强生物安全管理，持续改善生态环境质量，协同推进生物多样性保护与绿色发展，生物多样性保护取得显著成效。 + +　　（一）优化就地保护体系 + +　　中国不断推进自然保护地建设，启动国家公园体制试点，构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，率先在国际上提出和实施生态保护红线制度，明确了生物多样性保护优先区域，保护了重要自然生态系统和生物资源，在维护重要物种栖息地方面发挥了积极作用。 + +　　构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系。自1956年建立第一个自然保护区以来，截至目前，中国已建立各级各类自然保护地近万处，约占陆域国土面积的18%。近年来，中国积极推动建立以国家公园为主体、自然保护区为基础、各类自然公园为补充的自然保护地体系，为保护栖息地、改善生态环境质量和维护国家生态安全奠定基础。2015年以来，先后启动三江源等10处国家公园体制试点，整合相关自然保护地划入国家公园范围，实行统一管理、整体保护和系统修复。通过构建科学合理的自然保护地体系，90%的陆地生态系统类型和71%的国家重点保护野生动植物物种得到有效保护。野生动物栖息地空间不断拓展，种群数量不断增加。大熊猫野外种群数量40年间从1114只增加到1864只，朱鹮由发现之初的7只增长至目前野外种群和人工繁育种群总数超过5000只，亚洲象野外种群数量从上世纪80年代的180头增加到目前的300头左右，海南长臂猿野外种群数量从40年前的仅存两群不足10只增长到五群35只。 + + + +　　划定并严守生态保护红线。生态保护红线是中国国土空间规划和生态环境体制机制改革的重要制度创新。中国创新生态空间保护模式，将具有生物多样性维护等生态功能极重要区域和生态极脆弱区域划入生态保护红线，进行严格保护。初步划定的生态保护红线，集中分布于青藏高原、天山山脉、内蒙古高原、大小兴安岭、秦岭、南岭，以及黄河流域、长江流域、海岸带等重要生态安全屏障和区域。生态保护红线涵盖森林、草原、荒漠、湿地、红树林、珊瑚礁及海草床等重要生态系统，覆盖全国生物多样性分布的关键区域，保护绝大多数珍稀濒危物种及其栖息地。中国“划定生态保护红线，减缓和适应气候变化”行动倡议，入选联合国“基于自然的解决方案”全球15个精品案例。生态保护红线的划定与生物多样性保护具有高度的战略契合性、目标协同性和空间一致性，将有效提升生态系统服务功能，维护国家生态安全及经济社会可持续发展所必需的最基本生态空间。 + +　　确定中国生物多样性保护优先区域。中国打破行政区域界线，连通现有自然保护地，充分考虑重要生物地理单元和生态系统类型的完整性，划定35个生物多样性保护优先区域。其中，32个陆域优先区域总面积276.3万平方公里，约占陆地国土面积的28.8%，对于有效保护重要生态系统、物种及其栖息地具有重要意义。 + +　　（二）完善迁地保护体系 + +　　中国持续加大迁地保护力度，系统实施濒危物种拯救工程，生物遗传资源的收集保存水平显著提高，迁地保护体系日趋完善，成为就地保护的有效补充，多种濒危野生动植物得到保护和恢复。 + +　　逐步完善迁地保护体系。建立了植物园、野生动物救护繁育基地以及种质资源库、基因库等较为完备的迁地保护体系。截至目前，建立植物园（树木园）近200个，保存植物2.3万余种；建立250处野生动物救护繁育基地，60多种珍稀濒危野生动物人工繁殖成功。 + + + +　　加快重要生物遗传资源收集保存和利用。中国高度重视生物资源保护，近年来在生物资源调查、收集、保存等方面取得较大进展。实施战略生物资源计划专项，完善生物资源收集收藏平台，建立种质资源创新平台、遗传资源衍生库和天然化合物转化平台，持续加强野生生物资源保护和利用。实施一批种质资源保护和育种创新项目，截至2020年底，形成了以国家作物种质长期库及其复份库为核心、10座中期库与43个种质圃为支撑的国家作物种质资源保护体系，建立了199个国家级畜禽遗传资源保种场（区、库），为90%以上的国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录品种建立了国家级保种单位，长期保存作物种质资源52万余份、畜禽遗传资源96万份。建设99个国家级林木种质资源保存库，以及新疆、山东2个国家级林草种质资源设施保存库国家分库，保存林木种质资源4.7万份。建设31个药用植物种质资源保存圃和2个种质资源库，保存种子种苗1.2万多份。 + + + +　　系统实施濒危物种拯救工程。中国实施濒危物种拯救工程，对部分珍稀濒危野生动物进行抢救性保护，通过人工繁育扩大种群，并最终实现放归自然。人工繁育大熊猫数量呈快速优质增长，大熊猫受威胁程度等级从“濒危”降为“易危”，实现野外放归并成功融入野生种群。曾经野外消失的麋鹿在北京南海子、江苏大丰、湖北石首分别建立了三大保护种群，总数已突破8000只。此外，中国还针对德保苏铁、华盖木、百山祖冷杉等120种极小种群野生植物开展抢救性保护，112种我国特有的珍稀濒危野生植物实现野外回归。 + +　　（三）加强生物安全管理 + +　　中国高度重视生物安全，把生物安全纳入国家安全体系，颁布实施生物安全法，系统规划国家生物安全风险防控和治理体系建设。外来物种入侵防控机制逐渐完善，生物技术健康发展，生物遗传资源保护和监管力度不断增强，国家生物安全管理能力持续提高。 + +　　严密防控外来物种入侵。持续加强对外来物种入侵的防范和应对，完善外来入侵物种防控制度，建立外来入侵物种防控部际协调机制，推动联防联控。陆续发布4批《中国自然生态系统外来入侵物种名单》，制定《国家重点管理外来入侵物种名录》，共计公布83种外来入侵物种。启动外来入侵物种普查，开展外来入侵物种监测预警、防控灭除和监督管理。加强外来物种口岸防控，严防境外动植物疫情疫病和外来物种传入，筑牢口岸检疫防线。 + +　　完善转基因生物安全管理。严格规范生物技术及其产品的安全管理，积极推动生物技术有序健康发展。先后颁布实施《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》《农业转基因生物安全评价管理办法》《生物技术研究开发安全管理办法》《进出境转基因产品检验检疫管理办法》等法律法规。开展转基因生物安全检测与评价，防范转基因生物环境释放可能对生物多样性保护及可持续利用产生的不利影响。发布转基因生物安全评价、检测及监管技术标准200余项，转基因生物安全管理体系逐渐完善。 + +　　强化生物遗传资源监管。加强对生物遗传资源保护、获取、利用和惠益分享的管理和监督，保障生物遗传资源安全。开展重要生物遗传资源调查和保护成效评估，查明生物遗传资源本底，查清重要生物遗传资源分布、保护及利用现状。组织开展第四次全国中药资源普查，获得1.3万多种中药资源的种类和分布等信息，其中3150种为中国特有种。正在开展的第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动，已收集作物种质资源9.2万份，其中90%以上为新发现资源。2021年启动的第三次全国畜禽遗传资源普查，已完成新发现的8个畜禽遗传资源初步鉴定工作。组织开展第一次全国林草种质资源普查，已完成秦岭地区调查试点工作。近10年来，中国平均每年发现植物新种约200种，占全球植物年增新种数的十分之一。加快推进生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享相关立法进程，持续强化生物遗传资源保护和监管，防止生物遗传资源流失和无序利用。 + +　　（四）改善生态环境质量 + +　　加大生态保护修复力度，提升生态系统质量和稳定性，对维护国家生态安全具有基础性、战略性作用。中国实施系列生态保护修复工程，不断加大生态修复力度，统筹推进山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护和系统治理，生态恶化趋势基本得到遏制，自然生态系统总体稳定向好，服务功能逐步增强；坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战，极大缓解了生物多样性保护压力，生态环境质量持续改善，国家生态安全屏障骨架基本构筑。 + +　　实施系列生态保护修复工程。以恢复退化生态系统、增强生态系统稳定性和提升生态系统质量为目标，持续开展多项生态保护修复工程，有效改善和恢复了重点区域野生动植物生境。稳步实施天然林保护修复、京津风沙源治理工程、石漠化综合治理、三北防护林工程等重点防护林体系建设、退耕还林还草、退牧还草以及河湖与湿地保护修复、红树林与滨海湿地保护修复等一批重大生态保护与修复工程，实施25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点，启动10个山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程。制定实施《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划（2021－2035年）》，确定了新时代“三区四带”生态保护修复总体布局。中国森林面积和森林蓄积连续30年保持“双增长”，成为全球森林资源增长最多的国家，荒漠化、沙化土地面积连续3个监测期实现了“双缩减”，草原综合植被盖度达到56.1%，草原生态状况持续向好。2016－2020年期间，累计整治修复岸线1200公里，滨海湿地2.3万公顷。2000－2017年全球新增的绿化面积中，约25%来自中国，贡献比例居世界首位。 + +　　坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战。良好的环境质量是保护生物多样性的基础条件，也是生物多样性保护的应有之义。中国坚决向污染宣战，打响蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，污染防治力度不断加大，取得显著成效。2020年，全国细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度为33微克/立方米，比2015年下降28.3%，优良天数比例比2015年上升5.8个百分点；全国地表水国控断面水质优良（Ⅰ～Ⅲ类）和丧失使用功能（劣Ⅴ类）水体比例分别为83.4%和0.6%，比2015年分别提高17.4个百分点和降低9.1个百分点；全国近岸海域优良水质（一、二类）面积比例为77.4%，较2015年上升9个百分点；全国受污染耕地安全利用率和污染地块安全利用率均超过90%。生态环境质量改善优化了物种生境，恢复了各类生态系统功能，有效缓解了生物多样性丧失压力。 + +　　（五）协同推进绿色发展 + +　　在经济社会发展过程中，中国注重以自然承载力为基础，加快转变经济发展方式，倡导绿色低碳生活，协同推进高水平生物多样性保护和高质量发展。 + +　　加快行业产业绿色转型。贯彻新发展理念，坚持保护优先、绿色发展，推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型，促进经济发展与生态环境保护相协调，减少对生物多样性的压力。加快建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系，优化产业结构，提高资源利用效率和清洁生产水平，提升绿色产业比重，加快一二三产业和基础设施绿色转型和升级。鼓励发展生态种植、生态养殖和可持续经营，加强生物资源养护，制定可持续生产标准指南，加强绿色食品、有机农产品、森林生态标志产品、可持续水产品等绿色产品认证，发挥科技创新作用，强化农业、林业、渔业、畜牧业等领域的生物多样性保护与可持续利用。实施特许猎捕证制度、采集证制度、驯养繁殖许可证制度等重点野生动植物利用管理制度，鼓励保护和可持续利用优良生物资源。 + +　　推进城乡建设绿色发展进程。以生物多样性保护为前提，积极探索生物多样性保护与乡村振兴协同推进，培育优势资源、发展生态产业，推动城市、乡村绿色高质量发展，建设人与自然和谐相处、共生共荣的美丽家园。在乡村振兴过程中充分考虑生态环境因素，以促进农村进步、实现农民富裕为目标，持续加大生物资源的保护力度，助推可持续发展。持续开展国家生态文明建设示范区、国家环境保护模范城市、国家生态园林城市、国家园林城市等建设，着力推动城市生物多样性保护，城市生态空间格局持续优化，城市生态系统质量稳步提升，人民群众的生态环境获得感、幸福感和安全感不断增强。倡导并培育绿色消费、绿色出行、绿色居住等绿色低碳生活方式，减少自然资源消耗。 + +　　探索生态产品价值实现路径。贯彻落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，推动生态产品价值实现和保值增值，培育经济高质量发展新动能。建立健全生态产品价值实现机制，着力构建“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的政策制度体系。在长江流域和三江源国家公园等开展生态产品价值实现机制试点，推进“绿水青山就是金山银山”实践创新基地建设，探索政府主导、企业和社会各界参与、市场化运作、可持续的生态产品价值实现路径，推动将自然生态优势转化为经济社会高质量发展优势，激发生物多样性保护内生动力。 + + + +　　三、提升生物多样性治理能力 + +　　中国将生物多样性保护上升为国家战略，把生物多样性保护纳入各地区、各领域中长期规划，完善政策法规体系，加强技术保障和人才队伍建设，加大执法监督力度，引导公众自觉参与生物多样性保护，不断提升生物多样性治理能力。 + +　　（一）完善政策法规 + +　　中国不断建立健全生物多样性保护政策法规体系，制定相应的中长期规划和行动计划，为生物多样性保护和管理提供制度保障。 + +　　强化组织领导。成立由分管生态环境保护的国务院副总理任主任、23个国务院部门为成员的中国生物多样性保护国家委员会，统筹推进生物多样性保护工作。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》明确将实施生物多样性保护重大工程、构筑生物多样性保护网络作为提升生态系统质量和稳定性的重要工作内容。发布并实施《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》（2011－2030年），从建立健全生物多样性保护与可持续利用的政策与法律体系等10个优先领域，以及完善跨部门协调机制等30个行动方面对加强生物多样性保护进行有力指导。北京、江苏、云南等22个省、自治区、直辖市制定了省级生物多样性保护战略与行动计划。建立生态文明建设考核目标体系，将生物多样性保护相关指标纳入地方考核，压实生物多样性保护责任。 + +　　加强生物多样性法制建设。近10年来，颁布和修订森林法、草原法、渔业法、野生动物保护法、环境保护法、海洋环境保护法、种子法、长江保护法和生物安全法等20多部生物多样性相关的法律法规，覆盖野生动植物和重要生态系统保护、生物安全、生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享等领域，为生物多样性保护与可持续利用提供了坚实的法律保障。修订调整国家重点保护野生动植物名录，为拯救珍稀濒危野生动植物，维护生物多样性奠定基础。2020年，第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议通过了《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》。各省（自治区、直辖市）结合当地实际颁布了相关法律法规，云南省制定了全国第一部生物多样性保护的地方性法规《云南省生物多样性保护条例》。 + +　　（二）强化能力保障 + +　　组织开展全国生物多样性调查，建立完善生物多样性监测观测网络，不断加大资金投入和科技研发力度，生物多样性保护和治理能力全面提升。 + +　　开展全国生物多样性调查与评估。大力推进生物多样性保护重大工程实施，结合自然资源调查、生态系统监测评估等工作，不断完善生物多样性调查与评估能力，首次将生物多样性指标纳入生态质量综合评价指标体系，引导地方加强生态文明建设与生物多样性保护。开展自然资源调查，包括森林、草原、水、湿地、荒漠、海洋等，建立自然资源调查评价监测制度。构建了涵盖2376个县级行政单元、样线总长超过3.4万公里的物种分布数据库，建立物种资源调查及收集信息平台，准确反映野生动植物空间分布状况。完成长江经济带、京津冀等国家战略区域180多个县级行政区生物多样性调查与评估。组织开展近海渔业资源调查，初步掌握近海渔业资源状况。陆续发布《中国植物红皮书》《中国濒危动物红皮书》《中国物种红色名录》《中国生物多样性红色名录》，基本掌握生物多样性总体情况，为加强生物多样性保护奠定了科学基础。 + + + +　　完善监测观测网络。中国建立起各类生态系统、物种的监测观测网络，在生物多样性理论研究、技术示范与推广以及物种与生境保护方面发挥了重要作用，为科研、教育、科普、生产等各领域提供了多样化的信息服务与决策支持。其中，中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）、国家陆地生态系统定位观测研究网络（CTERN）涵盖所有生态系统和要素，中国生物多样性监测与研究网络（Sino BON）覆盖动物、植物、微生物等多种生物类群，中国生物多样性观测网络（China BON）构建了覆盖全国的指示物种类群观测样区。 + + + + + +　　加强资金保障。近年来，中国持续加大投入生物多样性保护领域的资金，为加强生物多样性保护提供重要保障。2017－2018年，连续两年安排超过2600亿资金投入生物多样性相关工作，是2008年投入的6倍。同时，利用财税激励措施，积极调动民间资本投入生物多样性保护。2020年，设立国家绿色发展基金，首期募资规模885亿元。 + +　　强化科技与人才支撑。设立生物多样性保护领域研究专项，构建数据库和信息平台，完善生物多样性调查、观测和评估等相关技术和标准体系，为生物多样性保护提供有力科技支撑。通过“生物多样性保护专项”“典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究”“物种资源保护专项”“珍稀濒危野生动物保护专项”等一批基础科研项目，加强濒危野生动植物恢复与保护、种质资源和遗传资源保存、生物资源可持续利用和产业化等技术研发，逐步构建生物多样性保护和生物资源可持续利用技术体系。发挥高校和科研院所优势，推进科教融合，加强生物多样性人才培养。 + +　　（三）加强执法监督 + +　　开展中央生态环境保护督察，解决突出生态环境问题，改善生态环境质量，推动经济社会高质量发展。组织打击野生动植物非法贸易等专项执法行动，持续加大涉及生物多样性违法犯罪问题的打击整治力度，坚决制止和惩处破坏生态系统、物种和生物资源的行为。 + +　　加大中央生态环境保护督察力度。2015年起，建立中央生态环境保护督察制度，逐步覆盖31个省、自治区、直辖市和国务院有关部门、部分中央企业。坚持问题导向，重点围绕生物多样性保护、应对气候变化、长江十年禁渔、海洋生态环境保护等重大任务开展督察，推动解决一批生态环境领域的突出问题。中央生态环境保护督察制度有力推动各级政府和部门承担起保护生态环境的责任，为生物多样性保护提供强大的制度保障。 + +　　开展生物多样性保护执法检查。开展跨部门、跨区域和跨国联合执法行动，严厉打击珍稀濒危野生动植物走私，对涉及野生动植物交易等违法活动采取零容忍态度。健全野生动物保护执法监管长效机制，开展“绿盾”自然保护地强化监督、“碧海”海洋生态环境保护、“中国渔政亮剑”、“昆仑行动”等系列执法行动，对影响野生动植物及其栖息地保护的行为进行严肃查处。建立长江禁捕退捕的跨区域跨部门联合执法联动协作机制，加大非法捕捞专项整治力度，对相关违法犯罪行为形成高压态势。 + +　　（四）倡导全民行动 + +　　中国不断加强生物多样性保护宣传教育，政府加强引导、企业积极行动、公众广泛参与的行动体系基本形成，公众参与生物多样性保护的方式更加多元化，参与度全面提高。持续开展生物多样性保护宣传教育和科普活动，在国际生物多样性日、世界野生动植物日、世界湿地日、六五环境日、水生野生动物保护科普宣传月等重要时间节点举办系列活动，调动全社会广泛参与，进一步增强公众保护意识。创新宣传模式，拓宽参与渠道，完善激励政策，邀请公众在生物多样性政策制定、信息公开与公益诉讼中积极参与、建言献策，营造生物多样性保护的良好氛围。发布《“美丽中国，我是行动者”提升公民生态文明意识行动计划（2021－2025年）》《关于推动生态环境志愿服务发展的指导意见》，为各类社会主体和公众参与生物多样性保护工作提供指南和规范。成立长江江豚、海龟、中华白海豚等重点物种保护联盟，为各方力量搭建沟通协作平台。加入《生物多样性公约》秘书处发起的“企业与生物多样性全球伙伴关系”（GPBB）倡议，鼓励企业参与生物多样性领域工作，积极引导企业参与打击野生动植物非法贸易。 + +　　四、深化全球生物多样性保护合作 + +　　面对生物多样性丧失的全球性挑战，各国是同舟共济的命运共同体。中国坚定践行多边主义，积极开展生物多样性保护国际合作，广泛协商、凝聚共识，为推进全球生物多样性保护贡献中国智慧，与国际社会共同构建人与自然生命共同体。 + +　　（一）积极履行国际公约 + +　　中国积极履行《生物多样性公约》及其议定书，促进相关公约协同增效，展现大国担当，在全球生物多样性保护和治理进程中发挥重要作用。 + +　　积极履行《生物多样性公约》及其议定书。1992年以来，中国坚定支持生物多样性多边治理体系，采取一系列政策和措施，切实履行公约义务。作为公约及其议定书的缔约方，按时高质量提交国家报告，2019年7月提交了《中国履行〈生物多样性公约〉第六次国家报告》，同年10月提交了《中国履行〈卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书〉第四次国家报告》。2019年以来，中国成为《生物多样性公约》及其议定书核心预算的最大捐助国，有力支持了《生物多样性公约》的运作和执行。近年来，中国持续加大对全球环境基金捐资力度，已成为全球环境基金最大的发展中国家捐资国，有力地支持了全球生物多样性保护。 + +　　促进生物多样性相关公约协同增效。生物多样性与其他生态环境问题联系密切，中国支持协同打造更牢固的全球生态安全屏障，构筑尊重自然的生态系统，协同推动《生物多样性公约》与其他国际公约共同发挥作用。中国持续推进《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》《联合国气候变化框架公约》《联合国防治荒漠化公约》《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》《联合国森林文书》等进程，与相关国际机构合作建立国际荒漠化防治知识管理中心，与新西兰共同牵头组织“基于自然的解决方案”领域工作，并将其作为应对气候变化、生物多样性丧失的协同解决方案。2020年9月，中国宣布力争2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和，为全球应对和减缓气候变化作出中国贡献。 + +　　推动履约取得明显成效。中国为推动实现2020年全球生物多样性保护目标和联合国2030年可持续发展目标作出积极贡献。自发布《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》（2011－2030年）以来，中国通过完善法律法规和体制机制、加强就地和迁地保护、推动公众参与、深化国际合作等政策措施，有力推动改善了生态环境。其中，设立陆地自然保护区、恢复和保障重要生态系统服务、增加生态系统的复原力和碳储量等3项目标超额完成，生物多样性主流化、可持续管理农林渔业、可持续生产和消费等13项目标取得良好进展。 + +　　（二）增进国际交流合作 + +　　中国坚持多边主义，注重广泛开展合作交流，凝聚全球生物多样性保护治理合力。借助“一带一路”“南南合作”等多边合作机制，为发展中国家保护生物多样性提供支持，努力构建地球生命共同体。 + +　　建立“一带一路”绿色发展多边合作机制。中国将生态文明领域合作作为高质量共建“一带一路”重点内容，采取绿色基建、绿色能源、绿色金融等系列举措，为沿线国家提供资金、技术、能力建设等方面支持，帮助他们加速绿色低碳转型，持续造福沿线各国人民。成立“一带一路”绿色发展国际联盟，40多个国家成为合作伙伴，在生物多样性保护、全球气候变化治理与绿色转型等方面开展合作。建设“一带一路”生态环保大数据服务平台，吸纳100多个国家生物多样性相关数据，为“一带一路”绿色发展提供数据支持。实施绿色丝路使者计划，与发展中国家共同加强环保能力建设，通过开展培训、项目合作等形式，为有关国家落实《联合国2030年可持续发展议程》提供帮助。 + +　　深化生物多样性保护“南南合作”。中国在“南南合作”框架下积极为发展中国家保护生物多样性提供支持，全球80多个国家受益。建立澜沧江－湄公河环境合作中心，定期举行澜沧江－湄公河环境合作圆桌对话，围绕生态系统管理、生物多样性保护等议题进行交流。建立中国－东盟环境合作中心，与东盟国家合作开发和实施“生物多样性与生态系统保护合作计划”“大湄公河次区域核心环境项目与生物多样性保护走廊计划”等项目，在生物多样性保护、廊道规划和管理以及社区生计改善等方面取得丰硕成果。建立中国科学院东南亚生物多样性研究中心，开展联合科学考察、重大科学研究、政策咨询与人才培养等工作。建立中非环境合作中心，促进环境技术合作，共享绿色发展机遇。 + +　　广泛开展双多边合作。坚持共商共建共享原则，不断深化生物多样性领域对外合作。积极参加联合国生物多样性峰会、领导人气候峰会等国际会议及活动，为保护生物多样性、促进可持续发展注入动力。组织召开“2020年后全球生物多样性展望：共建地球生命共同体”部长级在线圆桌会，共商2020年后生物多样性全球治理。中法两国共同发布《中法生物多样性保护和气候变化北京倡议》。与俄罗斯、日本等国家展开候鸟保护的长期合作。与俄罗斯、蒙古国、老挝、越南等国家合作，建立跨境自然保护地和生态廊道，其中，中俄跨境自然保护区内物种数量持续增长，野生东北虎开始在中俄保护地间自由迁移；中老跨境生物多样性联合保护区面积达20万公顷，有效保护亚洲象等珍稀濒危物种及其栖息地。中国还与德国、英国、南非等分别建立双边合作机制，就生物多样性和生态系统服务、气候变化和生物安全等领域开展广泛的合作与交流，与日本、韩国建立中日韩三国生物多样性政策对话机制。 + +　　结束语 + +　　地球是人类共同生活和守护的家园，生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的基础，是地球生命共同体的血脉和根基。面对生物多样性丧失的全球性挑战，全人类是休戚与共的命运共同体。 + +　　中国已经踏上全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程，生态文明建设具备更多条件，同时，也面临很多挑战，生物多样性保护任重而道远。展望未来，中国将秉持人与自然生命共同体理念，把生物多样性保护作为生态文明建设重要内容，持续推进生物多样性治理体系和治理能力现代化，改善自然生态系统状况，提升生态服务功能，提高生态产品供给能力，实现自然生态系统良性循环，不断满足人民日益增长的优美生态环境需求。 + +　　中国将始终做万物和谐美丽家园的维护者、建设者和贡献者，与国际社会携手并进、共同努力，开启更加公正合理、各尽所能的全球生物多样性治理新进程，实现人与自然和谐共生美好愿景，推动构建人类命运共同体，共同建设更加美好的世界。 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/utils/zh_raw/002 b/utils/zh_raw/002 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1c1b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/zh_raw/002 @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +新时代的中非合作 + +中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 + +（2021年11月） + +　　目录 + +　　前言 + +　　一、构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体 + +　　（一）秉持真实亲诚理念和正确义利观 + +　　（二）坚持相互尊重、共同发展 + +　　（三）树立命运共同体崇高目标 + +　　（四）为世界发展与合作树立典范 + +　　二、不断拓展新时代中非各领域合作 + +　　（一）政治互信持续深化 + +　　（二）经济合作迅速发展 + +　　（三）社会合作方兴未艾 + +　　（四）人文合作日益扩大 + +　　（五）和平安全合作稳步拓展 + +　　三、坚定不移巩固相互支持 + +　　（一）共同捍卫国际公平正义 + +　　（二）守望相助抗击新冠肺炎疫情 + +　　（三）并肩战胜非洲埃博拉出血热疫情 + +　　（四）携手应对自然灾害 + +　　四、奋力开创中非关系新局面 + +　　（一）中非合作论坛引领对非合作 + +　　（二）推动共建“一带一路”合作走向深入 + +　　（三）与时俱进、推动中非关系实现新跨越 + +　　结束语 + +　　前言 + +　　中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，非洲是发展中国家最集中的大陆。相似的历史遭遇、共同的历史使命把中国和非洲紧紧联系在一起，中非从来就是命运共同体。发展同非洲国家的团结合作是中国对外政策的重要基石，也是中国长期坚定的战略选择。中国和非洲国家在争取民族解放和国家独立的斗争中相互支持，持续深化政治互信；在实现经济发展和民族振兴的道路上互帮互助，不断拓展合作新领域；在重大国际和地区问题上密切协调，共同捍卫国际公平正义。 + +　　进入新时代，习近平主席提出真实亲诚对非政策理念和正确义利观，为新时代对非合作指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循。2015年和2018年，中非合作论坛约翰内斯堡峰会和北京峰会先后成功举办，引领中非合作达到前所未有的新高度。习近平主席在北京峰会上同非洲领导人一致决定，构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，深入推进中非共建“一带一路”合作，在中非关系史上树立了新的里程碑。 + +　　中非关系不是一天就发展起来的，更不是什么人赐予的，而是中非风雨同舟、患难与共，一步一个脚印走出来的。中国为非洲发展提供了力所能及的帮助，中国感谢非洲国家和非洲人民长期以来给予中国的大力支持和无私帮助。新冠肺炎疫情发生后，中国和非洲国家患难与共、守望相助，谱写了中非团结友好、共克时艰的新篇章。 + +　　为介绍新时代中非合作成果，展望未来中非合作前景，特发布本白皮书。 + +　　一、构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体 + +　　中非友好源远流长。毛泽东主席等新中国第一代领导人和非洲老一辈政治家共同奠定了中非友好关系基础。长期以来，中国始终尊重非洲、热爱非洲、支持非洲，中国人民始终同非洲人民同呼吸、共命运，同心相向、守望相助，走出了一条特色鲜明的合作共赢之路。在2018年9月中非合作论坛北京峰会上，中非双方决定构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，在中非关系史上树立了新的里程碑，引领中非关系和中非合作迈入新时代。中非风雨同舟、携手前行，为推动构建人类命运共同体树立了典范。 + +　　（一）秉持真实亲诚理念和正确义利观 + +　　“真、实、亲、诚”和正确义利观高度凝练和概括了中国对非政策理念，体现了中国优秀文化的道德精髓，融入了中非传统友谊的历史积淀，树立了国际对非合作的时代标杆，是中国加强同包括非洲在内的发展中国家团结合作的总体指导原则。 + +　　对待非洲朋友，讲一个“真”字。真朋友最可贵。中国始终把发展同非洲国家的团结合作作为中国对外政策的重要基础，这一点绝不会因为中国自身发展和国际地位提高而发生变化。中国将继续同非洲国家在涉及对方核心利益和重大关切问题上相互支持，继续在国际和地区事务中坚定支持非洲国家的正义立场，维护发展中国家共同利益。中国将继续坚定支持非洲国家自主解决本地区问题的努力，为促进非洲和平与安全作出更大贡献。中国将继续坚定支持非洲国家探索适合本国国情的发展道路，加强同非洲国家在治国理政方面的经验交流，从各自的古老文明和发展实践中汲取智慧，促进中非共同发展繁荣。 + +　　开展对非合作，讲一个“实”字。中国不仅是合作共赢的倡导者，更是积极实践者。中国致力于把自身发展同非洲发展紧密联系起来，把中国人民利益同非洲人民利益紧密结合起来，把中国发展机遇同非洲发展机遇紧密融合起来，真诚希望非洲国家发展得更快一些，非洲人民日子过得更好一些。中国在谋求自身发展的同时，始终向非洲朋友提供力所能及的支持和帮助。特别是近年来，中国加大了对非援助和合作力度。只要是中方作出的承诺，就一定会不折不扣落到实处。中国将继续扩大同非洲的投融资合作，加强同非洲国家在农业、制造业等领域的互利合作，帮助非洲国家把资源优势转化为发展优势，实现自主发展和可持续发展。 + +　　加强中非友好，讲一个“亲”字。中国人民和非洲人民有着天然的亲近感。中非通过深入对话和实际行动获得心与心的共鸣。中非关系的根基和血脉在人民，中非关系发展更多面向人民。中非重视人文交流，增进中非人民的相互了解和认知，厚植中非友好事业的社会基础。中非关系是面向未来的事业，需要一代又一代中非有志青年共同接续奋斗。双方应积极推动青年交流，使中非友好事业后继有人，永葆青春和活力。 + +　　解决合作中的问题，讲一个“诚”字。中国和非洲都处在快速发展过程中，相互认知需要不断与时俱进。中方坦诚面对中非关系面临的新情况新问题，对出现的问题，本着相互尊重、合作共赢的精神加以妥善解决。 + +　　正确义利观讲求的是义利相兼、以义为先，政治上主持公道、伸张正义，经济上互利共赢、共同发展，国际事务中讲信义、重情义、扬正义、树道义。正确处理“义”和“利”的关系是新时代中非合作的必然要求。中非关系最大的“义”，是把非洲自主可持续发展同中国自身发展紧密结合起来，不搞你输我赢的零和游戏，不做唯利是图的狭隘之举，最终实现合作共赢。 + +　　（二）坚持相互尊重、共同发展 + +　　中非合作是发展中国家间的互帮互助。中国在对非合作中始终践行“四个坚持”和“五不”原则，一以贯之、日积月累，形成了一条特色鲜明的中非合作共赢之路。这些原则符合中国“己所不欲，勿施于人”的传统理念，契合非洲国家的根本利益和国际关系的基本准则，是中非团结合作的本质特征，对国际对非合作具有重要借鉴意义。 + +　　“四个坚持”，即： + +　　——坚持真诚友好、平等相待。中国人民始终同非洲人民同呼吸、共命运，始终尊重非洲、热爱非洲、支持非洲。 + +　　——坚持义利相兼、以义为先。中国在对非合作中主张多予少取、先予后取、只予不取，张开怀抱欢迎非洲搭乘中国发展快车。 + +　　——坚持发展为民、务实高效。中国坚持把中非人民利益放在首位，为中非人民福祉而推进合作，让合作成果惠及中非人民；凡是中国答应非洲兄弟的事，就尽心尽力办好。 + +　　——坚持开放包容、兼收并蓄。中国愿同国际合作伙伴一道，支持非洲和平与发展；凡是对非洲有利的事情，中国都欢迎和支持。 + +　　“五不”原则，即：中国不干预非洲国家探索符合国情的发展道路，不干涉非洲内政，不把自己的意志强加于人，不在对非援助中附加任何政治条件，不在对非投资融资中谋取政治私利。 + +　　（三）树立命运共同体崇高目标 + +　　在2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会上，中非双方就携手打造“责任共担、合作共赢、幸福共享、文化共兴、安全共筑、和谐共生”的中非命运共同体达成战略共识。这是中非命运共同体基本纲领，是中非双方共同奋斗的宏伟目标，为新时代中非合作规划了路径。 + +　　——责任共担，是加强在涉及彼此核心利益和重大关切问题上的相互理解和支持，密切在重大国际和地区问题上的协作配合，维护中非和广大发展中国家共同利益。 + +　　——合作共赢，是抓住中非发展战略对接的机遇，用好共建“一带一路”带来的重大机遇，开拓新的合作空间，发掘新的合作潜力。 + +　　——幸福共享，是把增进民生福祉作为发展中非关系的出发点和落脚点。中非合作要给中非人民带来看得见、摸得着的成果和实惠。 + +　　——文化共兴，是促进中非文明交流互鉴、交融共存，拉紧中非人民的情感纽带，为彼此文明复兴、文化进步、文艺繁荣提供持久助力，为中非合作提供更深厚的精神滋养。 + +　　——安全共筑，是为促进非洲和平稳定发挥建设性作用，支持非洲国家提升自主维稳维和能力。中国坚定支持非洲国家和非洲联盟等地区组织以非洲方式解决非洲问题。 + +　　——和谐共生，是加强在应对气候变化、应用清洁能源、防控荒漠化和水土流失、保护野生动植物等生态环保领域交流合作，让中国和非洲都成为人与自然和睦相处的美好家园。 + +　　中非合作好不好，中非人民最有发言权。中国对非合作的出发点永远是中非双方人民的根本利益，永远不会将遏制他国作为自身对非政策的出发点。 + +　　（四）为世界发展与合作树立典范 + +　　中非合作兴，则南南合作兴。中非双方发展好，世界会更好。新时代的中非合作是中非双方实现共同发展的必由之路，将为构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体奠定更加坚实的物质基础，也将为促进发展中国家群体性崛起、推动国际力量对比向更加均衡的方向发展注入强劲动力。 + +　　当前，百年变局和世纪疫情交织共振，多边主义和单边主义激烈博弈，全球治理体系正经历前所未有的深刻调整。中国始终认为，非洲是国际合作的大舞台，不是大国博弈的竞技场。中非合作从来不是清谈馆，在给中非人民带来实实在在好处的同时，中非合作也为国际对非合作创造了更加有利的条件。面向新时代，中国人民同非洲人民团结合作，将为增进全人类福祉，推动构建新型国际关系、推动构建人类命运共同体树立榜样。 + +　　二、不断拓展新时代中非各领域合作 + +　　中非双方高度信任，中非友谊坚如磐石。中国致力于不断巩固中非政治互信，深化各领域务实合作，为非洲和平与发展提供力所能及的帮助，中国对非合作一直走在国际对非合作的前列。经过几十年辛勤浇灌，中非合作枝繁叶茂，成长为参天大树，任何力量都无法撼动。当前，中非关系处于历史最好时期，中非合作成果遍布非洲大地，改善了非洲经济社会发展条件，给双方人民带来了实实在在的好处。 + +　　（一）政治互信持续深化 + +　　新中国成立以来，无论国际风云如何变幻，中国和非洲国家始终是风雨同舟的好朋友、休戚与共的好伙伴、肝胆相照的好兄弟。2006年中非合作论坛北京峰会确立中非新型战略伙伴关系。2015年中非合作论坛约翰内斯堡峰会确立中非全面战略合作伙伴关系。2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会确定构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，推动中非关系进入历史最好时期。 + +　　高层交往对中非关系发展发挥着重要引领作用，双方领导人就双边关系和共同关心的重大问题加强沟通协调，为巩固传统友谊、增强政治互信，维护共同利益、共谋发展合作提供了有力政治保障。2013年3月，习近平主席就任国家主席后首次出访就远赴非洲，至今已四次访非，足迹遍及非洲东西南北中。2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会期间，习近平主席同与会的50余位非洲国家领导人逐一会面，叙友情、商合作、话未来，并出席近70场双多边活动。2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会后，17位非洲领导人先后来华访问或出席会议。新冠肺炎疫情发生后，双方领导人通过视频、通话等形式保持交往和沟通。2020年6月，习近平主席以视频形式主持召开中非团结抗疫特别峰会，13位非洲领导人和非盟委员会主席出席。疫情以来，习近平主席先后同非洲各国元首通话17次，保持了中非高层交往的密度和热度。习近平主席对非洲朋友真诚友好、平等相待，与非洲领导人建立深厚的友谊和信任，以元首外交引领了中非关系行稳致远。 + + + +　　中非双方不断丰富和完善政府间对话、磋商及合作机制，充分发挥统筹协调作用，促进中非各领域合作全方位发展。中国同非洲9国建立全面战略合作伙伴关系，同3国建立全面战略伙伴关系，同6国建立战略伙伴关系，同7国建立全面合作伙伴关系。中国已同21个非洲国家和非盟委员会建立双边委员会、外交磋商或战略对话机制，同51个非洲国家建立经贸联（混）合委员会机制。2016年，中国同非盟建立人权磋商机制。2017年，中国同南非建立中非间首个政府间高级别人文交流机制。中非地方合作迸发活力，2012年以来，中非双方已举办4届中非地方政府合作论坛。截至目前，中非双方共缔结160对友好省市，其中2013年以来新增友好省市48对。 + +　　中国和非洲国家密切开展政党、立法和协商机构交往，构建多层次、多渠道、多形式、全方位的友好合作。中国共产党在独立自主、完全平等、相互尊重、互不干涉内部事务的原则基础上，不断密切同非洲国家政党交流与合作，构建求同存异、相互尊重、互学互鉴的新型政党关系。双方从立法和监督方面发挥积极影响，为中非合作和交往提供政策支持和保障。全国人大与埃及、南非、肯尼亚议会建立定期交流机制，与35个非洲国家议会建有双边友好小组。全国政协及所属机构已同39个非洲国家的59个机构开展交往。2019年6月，全国政协成立中非友好小组，是全国政协历史上第一个对外友好小组。 + + + +　　近年来，更多非洲国家加入中非友好大家庭，中国分别同冈比亚（2016年3月17日）、圣多美和普林西比（2016年12月26日）、布基纳法索（2018年5月26日）恢复大使级外交关系。目前，中国已经同除斯威士兰以外的其他53个非洲国家建立外交关系。 + +　　中国积极发展同非盟及非洲次区域组织合作。2012年1月，中国援建的非盟会议中心项目建成并投入使用，这是继坦赞铁路之后中国在非最大援助项目。2014年中国设立驻非盟使团，标志中国与非盟关系发展进入新阶段。中国重视并坚定支持非盟在推进非洲联合自强和一体化进程中发挥领导作用、在维护非洲和平安全中发挥主导作用、在地区和国际事务中发挥更大作用，支持非盟通过《2063议程》及实施第一个十年规划。 + +　　中国以观察员身份多次应邀出席西非国家经济共同体（西共体）、南部非洲发展共同体（南共体）、东非共同体（东共体）、东非政府间发展组织（伊加特）、中部非洲国家经济共同体（中共体）等次区域组织峰会等重要活动，并向西共体、南共体、东共体派驻大使。 + +　　（二）经济合作迅速发展 + +　　中非经贸合作加速发展，深度广度不断拓展。中非合作论坛约翰内斯堡峰会和北京峰会分别宣布实施“十大合作计划”和“八大行动”，将中非经贸合作水平推向历史新高。 + +　　——加大发展援助。中国在实现自身发展的进程中，始终关注和支持非洲国家改善民生、谋求发展的事业。进入新时代，中国在力所能及的基础上不断加大对非援助。2013年至2018年中国对外援助金额为2702亿元人民币，其中对非洲国家的援助占比44.65%，包括无偿援助、无息贷款和优惠贷款。2000年至2020年，建成的公路铁路超过13000公里，建设了80多个大型电力设施，援建了130多个医疗设施、45个体育馆、170多所学校，为非洲培训各领域人才共计16万余名，打造了非盟会议中心等一系列中非合作“金字招牌”，涉及经济社会生活的方方面面，受到非洲国家政府和人民的广泛欢迎和支持。中国已宣布免除与中国有外交关系的非洲最不发达国家、重债穷国、内陆发展中国家、小岛屿发展中国家截至2018年底到期未偿还政府间无息贷款。新冠肺炎疫情发生后，中国宣布免除15个非洲国家2020年底到期的无息贷款债务。 + + + +　　——加速贸易发展。中国自2009年起连续12年稳居非洲第一大贸易伙伴国地位，中非贸易额占非洲整体外贸总额比重连年上升，2020年超过21%。中非贸易结构持续优化，中国对非出口技术含量显著提高，机电产品、高新技术产品对非出口额占比超过50%。中国主动扩大自非洲非资源类产品进口，对非洲33个最不发达国家97%税目输华产品提供零关税待遇，帮助更多非洲农业、制造业产品进入中国市场。据统计，2017年以来中国从非洲服务进口年均增长20%，每年为非洲创造近40万个就业岗位。近年来，中国自非农产品进口持续增长，已成为非洲第二大农产品出口目的国。中非电子商务等贸易新业态蓬勃发展，“丝路电商”合作不断推进，中国已与卢旺达建立电子商务合作机制，中国企业积极投资海外仓建设，非洲优质特色产品通过电子商务直接对接中国市场。中国－毛里求斯自贸协定于2021年1月1日正式生效，成为中非间首个自贸协定，为中非经贸合作注入新动力。 + + + +　　——促进投融资合作。投融资合作是近年来中非合作最大亮点之一，为非洲经济社会发展注入“血液”。结合非洲需要和中国优势，中国鼓励和支持中国企业扩大和优化对非投资，为符合条件的项目提供融资及出口信用保险支持。在中国政府、金融机构和各类企业合力推动下，中国对非投资呈现良好发展态势，广泛涉及矿业开采、加工冶炼、装备制造、农业开发、家电生产、航空服务、医药卫生、数字经济等产业，帮助非方提升了有关产业工业化水平、产业配套和出口创汇能力。 + + + +　　截至2020年底，中国企业累计对非直接投资超过430亿美元。中国在非洲设立各类企业超过3500家，民营企业逐渐成为对非投资的主力，聘用非洲本地员工比例超80%，直接和间接创造了数百万个就业机会。 + + + +　　——助力非洲农业发展。中国积极同非洲分享农业发展经验技术，支持非洲国家提高农业生产和加工水平，推动农业产业链建设和贸易发展。2012年以来，在华培训非洲农业学员7456人次；通过实施援非百名农业专家、援非农业专家组等项目，培训非洲当地5万余人次，建成23个农业示范中心。截至目前，中国与23个非洲国家及地区组织建立农业合作机制，签署了双多边农业合作文件72项。2012年以来，中国与20个非洲国家及地区组织签署农业合作文件31项。2019年中非举办首届中非农业合作论坛，成立中国－非盟农业合作委员会，启动中非农业现代化合作规划和行动计划编制工作。截至2020年底，中国在非农业投资企业超200家，涉及非洲国家共35个，投资存量11.1亿美元，投资范围涵盖种植、养殖和农产品加工等各产业，超过350余种非洲农产品食品可开展对华贸易，中非农业贸易稳步增长。 + +　　——助力非洲工业化。工业化是非洲实现包容性和持续性发展的前提，是创造就业、消除贫困、提高生活水平的关键。中国支持非洲国家根据自身国情和发展需求，改善投资软硬环境，以产业对接和产能合作为龙头，助力非洲工业化和经济多元化进程。截至目前，中国与15个非洲国家建立产能合作机制。中国与非洲国家合作建设经贸合作区、经济特区、工业园区、科技园区，吸引中国等各国企业赴非投资，建立生产和加工基地并开展本土化经营，增加当地就业和税收，促进产业升级和技术合作。中非产能合作基金围绕非洲“三网一化”（高速铁路网、高速公路网、区域航空网和工业化）建设战略开发业务，截至2021年3月，累计投资21个项目，涉及能源、资源、制造业等多个领域，有力带动非洲国家产业发展。数十家中资企业与非洲企业合作建设光伏电站，累计装机容量超过1.5吉瓦（GW），填补非洲光伏产业链空白，有效缓解当地用电紧缺问题并促进低碳减排。 + +　　——深化基础设施合作。中国支持非洲将基础设施建设作为经济振兴的优先发展方向，鼓励和支持中国企业采取多种模式参与非洲基础设施建设、投资、运营和管理。2016年至2020年，非洲开工建设的基础设施项目总额近2000亿美元，2020年中国企业实施的项目比已达31.4%。中非合作论坛成立以来，中国企业利用各类资金帮助非洲国家新增和升级铁路超过1万公里、公路近10万公里、桥梁近千座、港口近百个、输变电线路6.6万公里、电力装机容量1.2亿千瓦、通讯骨干网15万公里，网络服务覆盖近7亿用户终端。中国企业承建和运营的肯尼亚蒙内铁路是该国百年来第一条现代化铁路，全部采用中国标准、中国技术、中国装备，被誉为新时期中非“友谊之路”“合作之路”“共赢之路”，累计运送旅客541.5万人次、发送集装箱130.8万个标准箱，对肯经济增长贡献率达到1.5%，累计直接和间接创造就业4.6万个。中国引导企业采用BOT（建设—经营—转让方式）、BOO（建设—拥有—经营方式）、PPP（政府与社会资本合作）等多种模式，推动中非基础设施合作向投资建设运营一体化模式转型，促进基础设施项目可持续发展。 + +　　——加强金融合作。中非金融机构积极开发对方市场，双方央行积极扩大本币结算和互换安排，推动中非金融便利化水平稳步提高。截至2021年10月，人民币跨境支付系统（CIPS）有42家非洲地区间接参与者，覆盖19个非洲国家。中国央行先后与南非、摩洛哥、埃及和尼日利亚央行签署了本币互换协议，金额总计730亿元人民币。中国已同埃及、南非、尼日利亚等7个非洲国家签署了金融监管合作谅解备忘录，为双方金融合作行稳致远打牢基础。中国加入非洲开发银行、东南非贸易与开发银行和西非开发银行等多边开发金融机构。中国已累计向非洲开发银行下的非洲开发基金承诺捐资9.96亿美元。 + +　　——拓展数字经济合作。中国积极帮助非洲国家消除“数字鸿沟”，中非“数字经济”合作发展迅速，从数字基础设施建设到社会数字化转型，物联网、移动金融等新技术应用，全领域合作成果丰硕。中国企业参与了多条连接非洲和欧、亚、美洲大陆海缆工程；与非洲主流运营商合作基本实现非洲电信服务全覆盖；建设了非洲一半以上无线站点及高速移动宽带网络，累计铺设超过20万公里光纤，帮助600万家庭实现宽带上网，服务超过9亿非洲人民。截至目前，超过15个非洲国家的17个城市、1500多家企业选择中国企业作为数字化转型伙伴，29个国家选择中国企业提供的智慧政务服务方案；中非共同在南非建立了服务整个非洲区域的公有“云”，以及非洲首个5G独立组网商用网络。中非电子商务合作层次和内涵不断丰富，“丝路电商”云上大讲堂有效提升伙伴国中小微企业数字素养，“双品网购节”丝路电商专场、“非洲产品电商推广季”等活动助力非洲优质产品进入中国市场，中国企业积极参与非洲电子支付、智慧物流等公共服务平台建设，在互联互通中实现合作共赢。2021年8月，中非互联网发展与合作论坛成功举办，中国宣布愿同非洲共同制定和实施“中非数字创新伙伴计划”。 + +　　（三）社会合作方兴未艾 + +　　中国积极同非洲开展减贫、卫生、教育、科技、环保、气候变化、青年妇女交流等社会领域合作，通过加强交流、提供援助、分享社会发展经验，帮助非洲国家提高社会综合发展水平，为非洲经济发展创造内生动力。 + +　　——分享减贫经验。贫困是中非面临的共同挑战。消除贫困是联合国2030年可持续发展议程的首要目标。中国成功走出了一条具有中国特色的减贫道路，使数亿贫困人口摆脱贫困，为解决非洲贫困提供了借鉴。中国积极落实《中国和非洲联盟加强中非减贫合作纲要》，通过“中非合作论坛－减贫与发展会议”“中非青年减贫和发展交流项目”等机制，鼓励和支持中非地方政府、学术、企业、青年和非政府组织开展形式多样的减贫经验交流与务实合作。自2010年以来，“中非合作论坛－减贫与发展会议”已在中国、埃塞俄比亚、南非、乌干达等国连续举办10届，参会总人数接近1600人次。2005年至2021年，中国共举办160期减贫援外培训班，为非洲53国培训超过2700人次，占总参训人数58.6%。 + +　　——加强卫生健康领域合作。中国践行人民至上、生命至上的理念，帮助非洲国家应对病疫，建设公共卫生体系，以实际行动推动构建中非卫生健康共同体。向非洲国家派遣中国医疗队是中非开展时间最长、涉及国家最多、成效最为显著的合作项目之一。中国1963年向阿尔及利亚派出首支中国医疗队，开创了新中国援非医疗的历史。58年来，中国累计向非洲派出医疗队员2.3万人次，诊治患者2.3亿人次。目前在非洲45国派有医疗队员近千人，共98个工作点。中国医疗队被非洲当地人誉为“白衣使者”、“南南合作的典范”和“最受欢迎的人”。在非实施34次“光明行”义诊活动，帮助近万名非洲白内障患者重见光明。中国重点帮助非洲国家加强专科医学建设，为非洲各国培训各类医务人才2万人次。截至目前，中国已帮助18个非洲国家建立了20个专科中心，涉及心脏、重症医学、创伤、腔镜等专业，同40个非洲国家45所非方医院建立对口合作机制。中国支持非洲各国提高口岸卫生检疫能力，并向非洲疾控中心派出疾控专家提供技术支持。 + +　　——扩大教育和人力资源开发合作。中国大力支持非洲教育发展，根据非洲国家经济社会发展需要，帮助非洲培养急需人才，通过设立多个奖学金专项，支持非洲优秀青年来华学习。2012年起，中非双方实施“中非高校20+20合作计划”，搭建中非高校交流合作平台。中国在联合国教科文组织设立信托基金项目，累计已在非洲国家培训1万余名教师。2018年以来，中国在埃及、南非、吉布提、肯尼亚等非洲国家与当地院校共建“鲁班工坊”，同非洲分享中国优质职业教育，为非洲培养适应经济社会发展急需的高素质技术技能人才。中国支持30余所非洲大学设立中文系或中文专业，配合16个非洲国家将中文纳入国民教育体系，在非洲合作设立了61所孔子学院和48所孔子课堂。2004年以来，中国共向非洲48国派出中文教师和志愿者5500余人次。 + +　　——加强科技合作与知识共享。中国积极同非洲加强科技创新战略沟通与对接，分享科技发展经验与成果，推动双方科技人才交流与培养、技术转移与创新创业。中国与非洲国家建设了一批高水平联合实验室、创建了中非联合研究中心、中非创新合作中心。近年来，中国通过实施“一带一路”国际科学组织联盟奖学金、中国政府奖学金、“国际杰青计划”、“国际青年创新创业计划”等项目帮助非洲培养大量科技人才。空间和航天合作取得新突破，双方利用中国遥感数据开展防灾减灾、射电天文、卫星导航定位和精准农业等领域合作，共同参与天文领域国际大科学工程“平方公里阵列射电望远镜”项目。中国在埃及援建卫星总装集成及测试中心项目。中国还分别为阿尔及利亚、苏丹发射两国首颗人造卫星。 + +　　——深化生态保护和应对气候变化合作。中非人民对优美环境和美好生活有着共同的向往。中国和非洲一道，倡导绿色、低碳、循环、可持续的发展方式，保护人类的共同家园。2012年以来，中非共同举办了“中非绿色合作引导未来经济”研讨会和“中非环境合作部长级对话会”，推动加强环境治理政策沟通协调。2020年启动中非环境合作中心，搭建中非双方以及相关国际组织、研究机构、企业等多方参与的重要平台。截至2021年9月，安哥拉、肯尼亚等7个非洲国家相关机构已加入“一带一路”绿色发展国际联盟，为推进绿色丝绸之路建设作出积极贡献。中方积极开展应对气候变化南南合作，目前已和14个非洲国家签署15份合作文件，通过实施减缓和适应气候变化项目、共同建设低碳示范区、开展能力建设培训等方式为非洲应对气候变化提供支持。其中，中国向埃塞俄比亚援助的对地观测遥感卫星是中国同非洲合作的第一颗遥感卫星。中非双方通过开展环保法律、法规情报交流、执法能力建设等合作，共同打击走私濒危野生动植物跨国有组织犯罪，在履行《生物多样性公约》《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》等事务中加强沟通协调，共同促进全球野生动植物保护和可持续利用。 + + + +　　（四）人文合作日益扩大 + +　　国之交在于民相亲。中非文化、媒体、科技、智库和青年妇女交流全面深化，进一步促进中非民心相通，夯实了中非关系发展的基础。 + +　　——拓展文化、旅游等交流与合作。中非双方积极签署双边政府文化协定执行计划，通过合作举办“国家年”“文化年”“欢乐春节”“中非文化聚焦”“意会中国”等品牌活动，进一步深化了文化交流与合作。截至2020年12月，中非签署并落实了346个双边政府文化协定执行计划。2013年至2020年，中方组派艺术团赴非140国（次）举办演出。2013年以来，邀请非洲28国的艺术团来华演出。2016年以来，中方为非洲国家举办文化领域研修班上百个，非方参与人员累计近1500人。目前，中国在毛里求斯、贝宁、埃及、尼日利亚、坦桑尼亚、摩洛哥设有中国文化中心，已与突尼斯、肯尼亚、科特迪瓦、塞内加尔、埃塞俄比亚、莫桑比克签署互设文化中心或设立中国文化中心的政府文件。截至目前，中国与31个非洲国家签署双边旅游合作文件，已将34个非洲国家列为中国公民组团出境旅游目的地，与22个非洲国家正式开展中国公民组团旅游业务。 + +　　——深化新闻传媒与影视合作。中非就深化新闻合作、网络空间管理、处理媒体关系不断加强对话与交流，共同举办了中非媒体领袖峰会、中非媒体合作论坛等大型交流活动。30家非洲媒体加入“一带一路”新闻合作联盟，42个非洲国家参加“一带一路”媒体合作论坛。中国支持非洲广播电影电视产业发展，积极落实“为非洲1万个村落实施收看卫星电视项目”，支持在非洲农村和偏远郊区开展“大篷车”等户外放映活动，覆盖12个非洲国家70多个村庄和地区。中非双方鼓励联合开发制作、创作更多讲述非洲故事、中非友好故事的作品。中国企业为1300万非洲用户提供11种语言、600多个频道的节目资源；近年来，中国对约200部中国优秀视听作品进行面向非洲的多语种译制，在10余个非洲国家举办中国电影展映展播活动，每年都有一定数量的非洲影片在中国电影节上展映。 + +　　——鼓励学术与智库合作。中非支持双方学术研究机构、智库、高校开展课题研究、学术交流、著作出版等多种形式的合作，优先支持开展治国理政、发展道路、产能合作、文化与法律等课题研究与成果分享，推动壮大中非学术研究力量。80余个中非智库学术研究机构参加“中非联合研究交流计划”。2012年，中非合作论坛第五届部长级会议倡议实施“中非智库10+10合作伙伴计划”，建立“一对一”长期合作关系。2019年4月，中国非洲研究院在北京成立。 + +　　——增进民间交流。积极落实《中非民间交流合作倡议书》，鼓励实施“中非民间友好行动”“丝路一家亲”“中非民间友好伙伴计划”等，支持中非工会、民间组织、非政府组织及社会团体深化交流。2011年以来双方举办了6届中非民间论坛，2012年以来举办了5届中非青年领导人论坛、4届亚非青年联欢节和3届中非青年大联欢活动。2021年，举办首届中非未来领袖对话。截至2020年，中国政府已累计向16个非洲国家派遣484名青年志愿者。中国已与53个非洲国家100多个妇女机构（组织）建立联系和交往。中国在毛里求斯、莱索托、吉布提、津巴布韦和苏丹等国建立中非妇女友好交流（培训）中心。 + +　　（五）和平安全合作稳步拓展 + +　　没有和平稳定的环境，发展就无从谈起。中国是非洲和平与安全事务的建设性参与者，一贯致力于支持非洲人以非洲方式解决非洲问题，坚持标本兼治，坚持合作共赢，支持非洲国家和非盟在非洲和平安全事务中发挥主导作用，支持非洲提升自主维和、维稳和反恐能力，支持非洲国家和非盟等地区组织落实“消弭枪声”倡议，支持联合国为非盟自主维和行动提供资金支持。中国在充分尊重非洲意愿、不干涉内政、恪守国际关系基本准则基础上，积极探索建设性参与非洲和平与安全事务。 + + + +　　中非不断深化和平安全领域的交流与对话，2019年以来，中国先后举行中非实施和平安全行动对话会、首届中非和平安全论坛、中非和平安全论坛军事医学专题视频会议，并积极参与非洲国家举行的和平安全领域重要会议或论坛。中国政府非洲事务特别代表积极斡旋非洲热点问题，为推进非洲和平与安全发挥了独特建设性作用。中国通过联演联训、舰艇互访等多种方式，支持非洲国家加强国防和军队建设，支持萨赫勒、亚丁湾、几内亚湾等地区国家维护地区安全和反恐努力，在共建“一带一路”、社会治安、联合国维和、打击海盗、反恐等领域推动实施安全援助项目并帮助非洲国家培训军事人员。中国支持联合国在维护非洲和平与稳定方面发挥重要作用，是安理会常任理事国中向非洲派遣维和人员数量最多的国家。 + +　　自1990年参加联合国维和行动以来，中国派出的维和人员有超过80%部署在非洲，累计向非洲派出3万余人次，在17个联合国维和任务区执行任务。现有1800余名维和人员在马里、刚果（金）、阿布耶伊、南苏丹、西撒哈拉等5个非洲任务区执行联合国维和任务。根据联合国安理会决议，中国海军自2008年以来常态部署亚丁湾执行护航任务，迄今已派出39批护航编队，累计完成约1400余批近7000艘中外船舶护航任务。中国还决定向联合国维和人员捐赠30万剂新冠肺炎疫苗，优先用于非洲任务区。截至2020年8月，共有11名中国官兵在联合国非洲维和行动中献出宝贵生命。 + +　　中非支持扩大双方人员有序往来，不断加强领事合作，推动执法部门合作，共同打击各类跨国犯罪。2019年，中国公民赴非洲各国达60.7万人次，非洲各国公民入境中国达68.5万人次。双方人员往来快速增长推动中国和非洲国家领事关系迅速发展。中国支持非洲国家加强执法能力建设，2018年以来为非洲国家培训2000余名执法人员，并提供警用物资。中国在联合国框架下向非洲任务区派出维和警察，在国际刑警组织框架下同非洲国家积极开展案件协作、情报交流、经验分享、联合行动，共同打击跨国犯罪。 + +　　三、坚定不移巩固相互支持 + +　　中非友好关系经历半个多世纪的风雨考验，双方在关乎彼此前途命运的关键时刻和重大问题上始终坚定地站在一起。非洲国家为中国维护主权、安全和发展利益，促进国家统一，实现发展振兴提供了重要支持。中国坚定支持非洲国家实现民族独立，走符合自身国情的发展道路，支持非洲一体化建设和联合自强的努力。面对新冠肺炎疫情的严峻考验，中非携手应对，中非友谊得到新的升华。中非人民凝聚团结之力，能够战胜艰难险阻，铸就美好未来。 + +　　（一）共同捍卫国际公平正义 + +　　中国和非洲是推动全球治理体系和国际秩序变革的重要合作伙伴。50年前，第二十六届联合国大会以压倒性多数通过第2758号决议，恢复中华人民共和国在联合国的合法席位，从此中国人民在国际舞台上发挥越来越重要的作用。提案的23个国家中有11个来自非洲，76张赞成票中有26张来自非洲。在当今复杂多变的国际形势下，中非双方共同弘扬多边主义，旗帜鲜明地反对保护主义和单边主义，在涉及彼此核心利益和重大关切的问题上互相支持，维护发展中国家共同利益。中非合作实践和理念为发展中国家在国际事务中合作树立了典范，也为改革全球治理体系提供了重要方案。 + +　　——共同践行真正的多边主义。中非高举多边主义旗帜，坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序、以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则，切实维护国际公平正义，推动国际秩序朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。双方一致反对单边主义和保护主义，致力于维护开放型世界经济和多边贸易体系。中国和非洲坚定支持增加发展中国家特别是非洲国家在国际治理体系中的代表性和发言权，中国在联合国的一票永远属于发展中国家。 + + + +　　——共同维护正当合法权益。中非在涉及各自国家主权、领土完整、民族尊严和发展利益等重大问题上相互理解和支持。所有同中国建交的非洲国家恪守一个中国原则，坚定支持中国统一大业。中国坚定支持非洲国家捍卫国家主权、维护民族独立，呼吁国际社会帮助非洲国家实现生存权和发展权，反对一切形式种族主义和种族歧视，积极推动解除针对非洲国家不合理的单边制裁。中国同非洲成员在联合国安理会建立“1+3”磋商机制，就重大国际和地区问题保持沟通与协调。2017年以来，中国担任安理会轮值主席国期间，倡议召开了“加强非洲和平与安全能力”“加强非洲维和行动”“非洲和平与安全：打击非洲恐怖主义和极端主义”等公开辩论会，以及“非洲和平与安全：推进非洲疫后重建，消除冲突根源”高级别会议，推动国际社会加强团结合作、加大力度支持非洲实现长久和平。 + +　　中非都倡导将生存权和发展权作为首要基本人权，同等重视各类人权，在平等和相互尊重基础上开展人权交流与合作，尊重各国自主选择发展的权利，反对将人权政治化和搞双重标准，反对借人权干涉别国内政，促进国际人权事业健康发展。针对西方反华势力在涉疆、涉港等问题上的歪曲抹黑和不实指责，非洲国家同广大发展中国家一道，在联合国人权理事会、联大三委等场合通过发表共同发言、单独发言等方式，支持中国正当立场。非洲国家认同中国人权理念，支持中国在联合国人权理事会提出的“发展对享有所有人权的贡献”“在人权领域促进合作共赢”等决议。 + +　　中国呼吁国际社会推动全球经济治理改革，切实支持非洲实现发展。二十国集团领导人杭州峰会在中国推动下发布了《支持非洲和最不发达国家工业化倡议》。2015年，中国宣布设立中国－联合国和平与发展基金，2016年至2020年其下设的发展子基金共实施34个项目，涉及减贫、卫生健康、能源可及、科技创新、互联互通等多个领域，非洲国家是主要受惠方。2021年5月，中非双方共同发起“支持非洲发展伙伴倡议”。中非一致认为支持非洲发展是国际社会的广泛共识和共同责任。为应对疫情挑战、更加旗帜鲜明地支持非洲渡过难关，国际对非合作伙伴有必要把优势资源投向非方最急需领域，形成支持非洲发展的有效合力。 + +　　（二）守望相助抗击新冠肺炎疫情 + +　　面对突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情，中非双方经受住严峻考验，相互声援、并肩战斗，共同唱响团结合作、共克时艰的时代强音。 + +　　2020年6月，中非团结抗疫特别峰会成功举办。中国成为全球首个同非洲大陆就应对疫情举行峰会的国家，引领国际对非抗疫合作，为全球抗疫合作注入新动力。习近平主席在峰会上阐述了疫情形势下推进中非合作、加强国际合作的重要政策主张，指出要加快落实中非合作论坛北京峰会成果，将合作重点向健康卫生、复工复产、改善民生领域倾斜，并宣布了对非抗疫援助、减缓债和复工复产等系列举措，受到非方高度赞誉和广泛欢迎。与会领导人共同发表了《中非团结抗疫特别峰会联合声明》，一致认为中非双方要坚定不移携手抗击疫情、坚定不移推进中非合作、坚定不移践行多边主义、坚定不移推进中非友好。会后中非双方密切对接，统筹推进疫情防控和复工复产，推动中非合作克服疫情挑战，不断恢复并向前发展。 + +　　在中国抗疫的艰难时刻，非洲国家和非盟等地区组织通过不同方式对中国抗疫行动给予有力声援和支持。2020年2月非盟部长理事会发表公报支持中国抗疫努力，是全球首个重要地区组织和整个洲域公开给予中国声援。非洲48国元首、11国政府首脑、12国议长和非盟委员会主席来函（电），10国发表政府声明，18国外长致函，非盟和平与安全理事会会议、卫生部长紧急会议以及主要地区组织会议等均向中方表示声援和慰问，不少非洲国家不富裕，但仍积极向中国捐款捐物。一些非洲在华留学生同当地防疫人员一道奋战在抗疫前线。 + +　　非洲疫情发生后，中国第一时间驰援非洲，开展了新中国成立以来涉及范围最广、实施难度最大的人道主义援助行动。从2020年起，中国根据有关国家需求，统筹地方政府、企业和民间组织等各类资源，向非洲53国和非盟提供了120批检测试剂、防护服、口罩、隔离眼罩、呼吸机等紧急抗疫物资援助，实现对非抗疫援助“全覆盖”。中国积极同非洲国家分享抗疫经验，向17个非洲国家派出了抗疫医疗专家组或短期抗疫医疗队，同非洲人民共同抗击疫情，并推动中国援建的非洲疾控中心总部项目提前开工建设。 + +　　中国积极践行“将疫苗作为全球公共产品”的承诺，在中国疫苗上市之初、国内供应紧张的情况下，即开始向非洲援助疫苗，为非洲国家抗疫提供支持与帮助。中方积极落实将疫苗作为全球公共产品的坚定承诺，截至2021年11月12日，已向包括50个非洲国家和非盟委员会在内的110多个国家和国际组织提供超过17亿剂疫苗，将努力全年对外提供20亿剂疫苗，并在向“新冠疫苗实施计划”捐赠1亿美元基础上，再向包括非洲在内的发展中国家无偿捐赠1亿剂疫苗。中国企业亦积极在非洲地区开展联合生产，帮助有意愿的国家实现疫苗本地化生产，目前已在埃及启动疫苗本地化生产，同摩洛哥和阿尔及利亚签署了合作协议。 + +　　为帮助非洲国家应对疫情冲击，克服暂时困难，中国支持减轻非洲国家债务负担，积极落实二十国集团（G20）“暂缓最贫困国家债务偿付倡议”，在G20成员中缓债金额最大，已同19个非洲国家签署缓债协议或达成共识。中国支持将G20缓债倡议延期至2021年年底，并同有关成员一道落实《缓债倡议后续债务处理共同框架》。对于疫情特别重、压力特别大的国家，中国并同有关方一道，通过个案处理方式提供支持。 + +　　（三）并肩战胜非洲埃博拉出血热疫情 + +　　2014年，塞拉利昂、利比里亚和几内亚暴发埃博拉出血热疫情。在非洲人民的艰难时刻，中国义无反顾伸出援助之手，在国际社会发挥了引领和示范作用。中国是最早向几内亚、塞拉利昂等国提供援助的国家，也是唯一一个向西非疫区提供实验室并设立留观诊治中心的国家。中国先后向有关非洲国家和国际、地区组织提供总额约7.5亿元人民币快速、实用、全面抗疫援助，先后使用9架次包机运输物资和人员，向疫情国派出16批、1200多名临床和公共卫生专家，与当地医生共同战斗在抗击埃博拉疫情的前线，中国医生还在当地培训医护人员1.3万人次。中国还为疫区国家援建了实验室、治疗中心等多个项目，成为当时中国支持海外国家和地区应对公共危机持续时间最长、覆盖面最广、规模和力度最大的一次援助。面对疫情，中国外交官、医疗队、维和人员和企业员工始终选择坚守，而不是撤离。恐惧比病毒更可怕，而信心比黄金更宝贵。在灾难面前，中非人民展现了同甘苦、共患难的一片真情。 + +　　2018年，刚果（金）再次暴发埃博拉出血热疫情，中国及时向刚果（金）及其邻国卢旺达、布隆迪、乌干达以及非盟等提供包括物资、现汇、专家、药品、培训在内的一揽子紧急人道主义援助，帮助有关国家及时遏制疫情发展。 + +　　（四）携手应对自然灾害 + +　　中国历来重视非洲受灾国的救援工作，帮助非方应对各种自然灾害和人道主义危机，并通过联合国、世界粮食计划署、红十字国际委员会等多边国际组织开展对非紧急人道主义援助。 + +　　中国人民不会忘记，2008年中国遭受特大地震灾害，仅200万人口的赤道几内亚就捐赠了200万欧元，平均每人1欧元。刚果（布）政府在汶川地震后捐赠100万美元，在玉树地震后又捐资200万美元建设了一所小学。非洲人民在自己经济并不富裕的情况下，仍慷慨解囊支援中国人民抗震救灾和灾后重建，这份情谊让中国人民倍感温暖。 + +　　“投之以桃，报之以李”。中国先后在40多个受灾非洲国家实施粮食、供水、妇幼、教育等民生项目，受益人数达1000多万人，有力促进了受灾国的经济恢复和社会发展。2019年，“伊代”飓风席卷东南部非洲。中国向津巴布韦、莫桑比克、马拉维紧急提供人道主义物资援助，并向受灾最严重的莫桑比克派出65人组成的国际救援队，在莫当地治疗3000多人。2019年底，蝗灾袭击非洲之角，地区国家超过3000万人生计受到威胁。2020年初，尽管面临新冠肺炎疫情影响，中国仍紧急向埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、乌干达3国提供灭蝗物资援助，并从中国－联合国粮农组织南南合作信托基金中安排援助支持3国购买防控物资和开展能力建设。 + +　　四、奋力开创中非关系新局面 + +　　当前，全球治理体系和国际秩序变革加速推进，国际力量对比深度调整。新冠肺炎疫情进一步凸显世界各国的命运紧密相连。站在历史的又一个十字路口，中非更加需要巩固伙伴关系，构建新时代中非命运共同体。双方将坚定不移深化传统友好，坚定不移推进互利合作，坚定不移维护共同利益，继续发挥中非合作论坛引领作用，推动“一带一路”建设走实走深，不断推动中非全面战略合作伙伴关系向更高层次、更广领域发展，共同创造中非合作更加美好的明天。 + +　　（一）中非合作论坛引领对非合作 + +　　为共同应对经济全球化挑战，谋求共同发展，在中非双方共同倡议下，中非合作论坛首届部长级会议于2000年10月在北京召开，中非合作论坛（以下简称“论坛”）正式成立。经过20多年的发展，论坛已成为中非开展集体对话的重要平台和务实合作的有效机制，成为新时代引领国际对非合作的一面旗帜。 + +　　目前论坛有中国、53个同中国建交的非洲国家、非盟委员会共55个成员。论坛部长级会议每三年举行一届，轮流在中国和非洲国家举行。中国和承办会议的非洲国家担任共同主席国，共同主持会议并牵头落实会议成果。根据中非双方共识，部分部长级会议升格为峰会。论坛迄今已举行3次峰会（2006年11月北京峰会、2015年12月约翰内斯堡峰会、2018年9月北京峰会）、7届部长级会议，制定出一系列重要的纲领性合作文件，推动实施了一系列支持非洲发展、深化中非友好互利合作的重大举措，取得丰硕成果。 + +　　2021年11月底，新一届论坛会议将在论坛非方共同主席国塞内加尔举行。这次会议将评估2018年论坛北京峰会成果落实情况，并对下阶段中非友好合作作出规划，是疫情背景下中非共商合作大计、推进共同发展的重要外交活动，对推动疫后非洲、中国乃至世界经济复苏发展具有重要意义。中方将同非方共同努力、密切配合，对接中国第二个百年奋斗目标和非盟《2063年议程》，围绕健康卫生、投资贸易、工业化、农业现代化、应对气候变化、数字经济等重点领域和方向对论坛新一届会议的成果和举措进行设计和磋商，努力把会议办成凝聚中非团结新共识、挖掘中非合作新领域、带给中非人民新福祉的盛会。 + +　　（二）推动共建“一带一路”合作走向深入 + +　　非洲是“一带一路”的历史和自然延伸。历史上，海上丝绸之路为非洲带去了中国的茶叶、瓷器和发展经验，增进了中非人民友好情谊和文明互鉴，成为永载史册的中非友谊之路。共建“一带一路”倡议提出以来，得到非洲国家的积极支持和踊跃参与。非洲成为参与“一带一路”合作最积极的方向之一，中非共建“一带一路”合作前景广阔。 + +　　“一带一路”不是“独奏曲”，而是需要中国和非洲国家共同参与的“协奏曲”。2015年12月，南非成为第一个同中国签署“一带一路”合作文件的非洲国家。2017年、2019年，肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、埃及、吉布提、莫桑比克等国领导人出席“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛，为“一带一路”合作机制发展作出积极贡献。在2018年中非合作论坛北京峰会上，中非双方一致同意要加强共建“一带一路”合作。截至目前，几乎所有同中国建交的非洲国家都已经同中国签署共建“一带一路”合作文件。非盟委员会并同中国签署了《中华人民共和国政府与非洲联盟关于共同推进“一带一路”建设的合作规划》，这是中国同区域性国际组织签署的第一份共建“一带一路”规划类合作文件。 + +　　近年来，在“一带一路”合作的带动下，中非互联互通加速发展。亚的斯亚贝巴－吉布提铁路、肯尼亚蒙巴萨－内罗毕铁路、刚果（布）国家1号公路、塞内加尔捷斯－图巴高速公路、加蓬让蒂尔港－翁布埃沿海路及博韦大桥、尼日利亚铁路现代化一期二期项目相继完工通车，吉布提多哈雷多功能港、多哥洛美集装箱码头等有效提升当地转口贸易能力，为地区互联互通和一体化进程发挥了重要作用。截至目前，中国已与21个非洲国家正式签署了民用航空运输协定，与12个非洲国家建立了双边适航关系；并与8个非洲国家签订了双边政府间海运协定。 + +　　当前中非都进入新的发展阶段。中国推动构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，将为非洲发展带来更多“中国机遇”。非洲自贸区正式实施，非洲经济一体化和区域经济融合加速推进，给中非合作扩展更大发展空间。中非双方将以高质量共建“一带一路”为抓手，进一步推动共建“一带一路”合作倡议同非盟《2063年议程》、联合国2030年可持续发展议程以及非洲各国发展战略深度对接，深化中非各领域务实合作，把“一带一路”建设成为中非之间的和平之路、繁荣之路、开放之路、绿色之路、创新之路和文明之路，共筑“新时代中非命运共同体”。 + + + +　　（三）与时俱进、推动中非关系实现新跨越 + +　　中非关系保持旺盛生命力的“秘诀”，就是与时俱进、开拓创新。半个多世纪以来，在中非关系发展的每一个关键时期，中非双方都能登高望远，找到中非合作新的契合点和增长点，推动中非关系实现新的跨越。站在新的历史起点上，中国将坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和习近平外交思想为指导，秉持真实亲诚理念和正确义利观，同非洲国家一道，继续谱写推动中非合作高质量发展、共筑新时代中非命运共同体的辉煌篇章。 + +　　——厚植友好基础，推动中非政治互信不断迈上新台阶。中国将同非方继续保持高层交往势头，推动双方政党、立法机构、协商机构、地方政府友好合作，深化治国理政和发展经验交流互鉴、加强战略沟通与互信；充分发挥双方智库、媒体、高校和民间机构积极作用，构建全方位、多层次、宽领域的中非人文交流新格局，促进双方民心相通，继承和发扬牢不可摧的中非传统友谊。 + +　　——抗击新冠肺炎疫情，打造中非卫生健康共同体。中国将继续向非洲国家全面战胜新冠肺炎疫情提供帮助，分享统筹推进常态化疫情防控和经济社会发展的经验，加快推进中非疫苗合作。中非卫生健康合作不仅针对一时一事，将着眼长远助力非洲完善公共卫生体系、提高传染病防控能力，推动构建新时代中非卫生健康共同体。 + +　　——推动共同发展，培育和拓展互利合作新动能。随着中非各自进入新的发展阶段，双方发展阶段梯次衔接的优势更加明显，双方合作也进入提质增效的新阶段，中非互利合作之路将越走越宽。双方将积极支持中非企业深入发掘合作潜力，培育电子商务、5G网络、绿色经济等新的合作增长点，在面向未来发展的关键领域拓展合作，共同支持全球发展倡议，打造全球发展命运共同体，推动实现高质量、可持续的共同发展，造福中非人民。 + +　　——密切国际协作，推动建设更加公正合理的国际秩序。中非是维护发展中国家共同利益、促进世界和平发展的重要力量。中非将进一步加强战略沟通，密切国际事务协调，旗帜鲜明地维护国际关系民主化的大方向，齐心协力应对疫情、减贫、反恐、气候变化等全人类共同挑战，坚定捍卫真正的多边主义和发展中国家共同利益，共同维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序、以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则，推动全球治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。 + +　　结束语 + +　　中国历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，全面建成小康社会，迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，正向着第二个百年奋斗目标进军。非洲联合自强势头强劲，在国际事务中的影响力不断上升，正在推进自由贸易区建设，加快工业化和现代化进程，朝着非盟《2063年议程》描绘的美好梦想前行。 + +　　当今世界正面临百年未有之大变局，面对新的机遇和挑战，中国和非洲更需要团结合作。中国将继续坚定支持非洲国家走符合自身国情的发展道路，支持非洲一体化建设和非洲国家维护主权、安全和发展利益，同非洲国家携手共建“一带一路”，构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，更好造福中非人民，为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的世界，构建人类命运共同体作出新的更大贡献。 \ No newline at end of file